Is Community Policing Effective?

Is Community Policing Effective? AN ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY POLICING: IS COMMUNITY POLICING AN EFFECTIVE PRACTICE? Dynamic Network Policing is a moderately new policing practice that centers around lessening the crime percentage in a zone by making collaboration and trust among residents and police. The inquiry that becomes possibly the most important factor with respect to this is whether network policing is a compelling practice. To respond to this inquiry, an investigation will be led where network policing is executed in a major city for a range of 2 years. The entirety of the residents and cops all things considered and both sex’s will be the exploration members. Information will be gathered by looking at the crime percentages from the earliest starting point of the examination to the furthest limit of the investigation, alongside correlation between the information at regular intervals too. The outcomes will be dissected by taking a gander at whether there were any adjustments in the crime percentages just as the measure of collaboration by residents. On the off chance that there was an abat ement in the crime percentage, at that point that will verify that network policing is in truth a compelling network policing practice that merits its additional expense. Chapter by chapter guide Presentation Writing REVIEW Articulation OF THE PROBLEM System AND ANALYSIS Conversation End REFERENCES Presentation The criminal Justice field is as of now in a period where new and inventive policing rehearses are being utilized in police divisions across America. One of these works on being actualized across the country is network policing. Network policing ranges an expansive scope of projects from neighborhood pamphlets and neighborhood substations to foot watch and neighborhood watch (Welsburd, Lum, 2013). Network Policing’s primary center is to make more grounded partnerships among police and the network. The objectives of network policing are to help decrease resident dread of wrongdoing, improve police-network relations, encourage increasingly viable reactions to network issues, and lower the general measure of violations submitted (â€Å"Community Policing,† n.d., para. 1). While assessing the network policing rehearses there is consistently the topic of whether the training is successful and should keep on being actualized in police offices. Network Policing is a successful practice that is bolstered by various examinations and measurements that have been led and discharged in regards to this police practice. (Telep, Weisburd, 2011) The viability of network policing is estimated by analyzing an assortment of methodologies that are actualized in the training. (Owusu-Bempah, 2010) Community Policing rehearses has had incredible outcomes in urban areas, for example, Chicago where the training has been actualized in a few neighborhoods (Eig, 2002). By deciding the adequacy of network policing it decides if this training merits being executed by police divisions all through America. Writing REVIEW Welsburd and Lum (2013) portray how Charlotte Gill and partners led an investigation on the effect of network policing. The examination indicated how network policing prompted noteworthy positive advantages for resident fulfillment, saw issue, and police authenticity. Toward the finish of the article Bennett and partners took a gander at the adequacy of neighborhood watch programs, which is identified with network policing. They found that a local watch program does in truth lead to a considerable â€Å"crime reduction.† (Para. 10) These creators center more around the positive parts of network policing and don't portray much in the method of negatives with respect to this policing practice. Network policing includes fortifying the connection between cops and residents in the network. â€Å"Community Policing† (n.d) depicts how Goldstein portrays that officials functioning intimately with individuals in the network have more prominent freedom with deciding, have positive sentiments toward residents, and have more noteworthy occupation fulfillment. One review directed on watch officials demonstrated 98 percent of officials concurred that â€Å"assisting citizens† is similarly as fundamental as â€Å"enforcing law.† (Para. 6) The creators concentrated on depicting official supposition on network policing and positive influences it has had. Network Service is a basic part of network policing that reinforces Citizens Corporation and trust. â€Å"The Bureau of Justice Statistics† (n.d) depicts how Offering youth instruction and planning network outreach endeavors are viable strategies in network policing that have been used. The examination concentrated on actualizing a more noteworthy utilization of foot and bike watches and successive gatherings with local gatherings. The LEMAS review directed in 2003 uncovered 58% everything being equal, utilizing 82% of officials, and used full-time network policing officials during 2003. All Together, there were around 54,800 nearby cops alloted as network cops. These writers give information on how network policing is turning into an increasingly across the board policing practice because of its viability. Network Policing has end up being successful in networks all through America, for example, Chicago. Jonathon Eig (2002) depicts the network policing practice in Chicago which centers around something beyond foot watches. Residents structure a positive relationship with cops which cause them to accept they have a job in taking care of the areas issues. The examination portrays how in Chicago when a suspect opposed capture and started punching the official, neighborhood posse individuals raced to her guard and helped quell the man. (2002) after the execution of network policing Chicago people group have encountered falling crime percentages and a developing feeling of wellbeing in numerous areas. Fayetteville Minneapolis actualized a network policing system to decrease fierce wrongdoing tormenting the city. Greg Barnes (2014) depicts that savage wrongdoing among adolescents has fallen drastically in the wake of utilizing network policing. The examination appeared from 2006 to 2012 weapon wrongdoings including youth dropped by 57 percent and firearm violations dropped by 67 percent. Young people were 39 percent more averse to be shot and 60 percent more averse to be killed. Fayetteville Police offices employed more cops to watch avenues and the division redesigned wrongdoing battling innovation. The examination expressed that in 2013 there were around 600 less home breaks ins. Fayetteville shows how network policing is viable at decreasing wrongdoing and brutality in the network. Network policing is actualized to help control the ascent in brutality all through networks. Akwasi Owusu-Bempah (2010) depicts how officials must be effectively occupied with endeavors to upgrade the network wellbeing themselves while utilizing help from residents. Through information offering to individuals from the network, watch officials become generally proficient about the requirements and qualities of their networks. The investigation appeared during the six years after the task started (from 1995 through 2000) the quantity of manslaughters in Atlanta diminished by 27 percent. The creator portrays the positives of network policing and the information that underpins this. Articulation OF THE PROBLEM Creators have expressed that Community Policing is a generally new practice in law authorization that includes an assortment of projects which can shift contingent upon the police office. ( Telep, Weisburd, 2011; â€Å"Community Policing,† n.d., para. 1; Welsburd, Lum, 2013; Owusu-Bempah, 2010) However there is a constrained measure of information that decide whether network policing practice is worth for offices to use. This implies it is hazy whether network policing is a viable practice with respect to lessening wrongdoing. Strategy AND ANALYSIS The approach is separated into discrete primary centers, the examination members, research plan, and the methodology. The exploration that will be directed is investigation of how a network policing program is a powerful policing practice. The investigation will include executing a network policing program in a horror city and seeing what impact it has over a multi year length. The study’s members will be separated into two separate gatherings. The primary gathering will be made out of any resident living in the city that has actualized a network policing strategy. The city for this examination is in New Haven Connecticut, which implies everybody living in the city furthest reaches of New Haven will be the exploration members. Their segment will include residents all things considered and both male and females. The subsequent gathering is made out of all the New Haven cops alloted to regions all through New Haven where they will use a network policing technique. Their segment will include cops everything being equal and both male and female officials. My plan/technique includes experimentation which will appear if network policing is a successful practice. The analysis will include actualizing a network policing practice in New Haven for a long time. The city should recruit more officials to effectively watch one explicit neighborhood their whole move. To decide whether the training was effective it will be estimated by, regardless of whether the crime percentage diminished with a network policing practice set up. The underlying crime percentage will be controlled by the quantities of different significant violations carried out the prior year network policing was executed, for example, murders, manslaughters, robbery’s, larceny’s, attacks, and amazing burglary auto. Next the investigation will include expanding the quantity of cops on the lookout and their collaboration with residents in the particular territories they are allocated as well. Things that will be estimated are whether company among police and resident s of the city has gone up. Another angle estimated is the ascent in yearly police office costs since the network policing practice was established. In conclusion to gauge the practices accomplishment during the multi year length you look at the

Herder, Gadamer, and 21st Century Humanities Essay -- Philosophy Relig

One of the expectations of this Congress, specifically, that of all the world's philosophical customs address the 'issues of human life, development, and living arrangement on earth,' can't be cultivated by demanding the methods and remedies of any one convention. In this paper I address the subject of the Congress by considering the perspectives on Johann Gottfried Herder and Hans-Georg Gadamer on training and history. Disregarding assaults on his strict loyalties, Herder bolstered what may today be called pluralism. Having contemplated history and having watched history really taking shape of perhaps the darkest second, Gadamer likewise observed the fate of the humanities in the worldwide discussion. To teach mankind, I close, reasoning should initially endeavor to comprehend the existential states of human life. Ideen is an inquisitive and somehow or another opposing work. Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) regards the humanistic standards of opportunity and social improvement and perceives the teleological and dynamic ideas of chronicled advancement. However, he doesn't limit himself to European history and sources like most others in his time and much after did. He dismissed the then predominant view that there exist some invariant laws or norms of cognizance and conduct that are material to all people at all periods and as far as which even the past ought to be judged. Despite what might be expected, he contended that each recorded age and culture has its own character and its own worth. In Book 14, section 6 of Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit (Ideas for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind, 1784-91), he compares social orders to life forms as they create in particular way and in light of the blend of ecological condi... ...Gadamer on Education, Poetry, and History. Albany: SUNY Press, 1992, p. xvii (7) Gadamer. Reason in the Age of Science. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 198. p. 92 (8) Aber fã ¼r kick the bucket Geisteswissenschaften dã ¼rfte es anders aussehenâ€Das Erbe Europas. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1989, P.35 (9) Das Erbe Europas, p. 52: '. . . einer standardisierten weltzivilisation herauffã ¼hren, in der sich kick the bucket Geschichte des Planeten gleichsam in Idealstatus einer rationalen Weltverwaltung stillstellt - ' (10) See: Claude Sumner. The Source of African Philosophy: The Ethiopian Philosophy of Man. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1986. (11) See: Kwame Gyekye. An Essay on African Philosophical Thought: The Akan Conceptual Scheme. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987 (12) See: Paulin Hountondji. African Philosophy: Myth and Reality. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983.

The Beginning of the End

The Beginning of the End Do you know what its like to only have two classes left to graduate? Theres a feeling that goes something like ugh, if only Id taken more classes in previous terms I could have graduated by now! But I am not dwelling on that. While some of my friends have completed their requirements in three or three-and-a-half years, four years feels just right to me. Then theres the feeling of relief. Whew I dont need to cram 6 classes together to finish my degree. In fact I can proceed at a comfortable pace. I can almost take it easy! But you cant just sit around waiting for June 4th to come. At least, I cant. :D But at least I am done with grad school apps now, and am back from blogging hiatus! Ive spent so much time worrying for my future will I get into a good school? Can I get a job? Can I ensure that Ive made the best out of my four years at MIT? Will I end up broke and homeless? :X I feel so out of touch with everyone. Being a second-semester senior in college sure feels different from being a second semester senior in high school. What on earth do you guys even need to know about nowadays? Comment below. ;)

The Concept Of Self Concept - 1123 Words

Many United States school districts have recently taken steps towards raising students’ values of self-concepts of themselves, or their self-esteem. Most of us correlate negative self-concepts, or low self-esteem, with learning difficulties and social reclusion. Recent psychological research has also discovered that inflated self-concept is correlated to violence, including bullying and even criminal acts. While reminiscent of the neo-Freudian Narcissistic Personality Indicator, Carl Rogers’ phenomenological theory is a better explanation of the apparent drive towards bullying and positive self-concepts. Rogers defines self-concept (hereafter the self) as the stable, but malleable, and organized pattern of perceptions about oneself (Cervon and Pervin (20140). The self is further divided up into two categories the individual can perceive: the actual self and the ideal self. The actual self consists of accurate perceptions about the individual in the present time, while the ideal self is constructed from whom the individual wishes to be and realistically achieve it. The Rogerian self is merely a perception; the individual has the final say in his or her action. Thus, the self would be considered the structure of Rogers’ phenomenological theory. In the process portion of his theory, Rogers believed that all individuals basically move towards self-actualization, or the pursuit towards personal growth, complexity, maturity, and freedom. Also part of the self is self-esteem, orShow MoreRelatedThe Concept Of The Self Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe Concept of the Self The concept of self is a notion that is used to describe who an individual is and how he/she is in the study of personality. In examining the concept of the self, the social world plays a crucial role because humans are basically relational or social beings. As compared to animals, humans have the ability to interact and cooperate in discovering solutions to the issues of everyday life in relation to survival and reproduction. Within the social world, the concept of theRead MoreSelf Theory And Self Concept970 Words   |  4 PagesSelf-Concept From the moment of birth, the need to communicate is evident. When babies come out of the womb they non-verbally communicate by crying, and the crying communicates that they are afraid and need comforting. Infants communicate in many non-verbal ways, such as pointing at something that the infant wants or by smiling because the infant got something he or she likes. From infancy to adulthood, communication develops into a mix of verbal and non-verbal forms. Communication is so importantRead MoreThe Concept Of Self Identity1360 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of Self-Identity, and the theories that relate to it, are ever-present in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. The concept of Self-Identity is a Psychological concept that many famous Psychologists have spent years studying. The main theories of self-identity that relate to the story of Frankenstein are those by Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The ideas of Sigmund Freud’s concept of Superego, Id, an d Ego are represented by Victor’s father, the creation, and Victor withRead MoreAdolescent And Their Concept Of Self1584 Words   |  7 Pagestime, between 12 and 18 years of age, when dynamic changes occur. Adolescents not only experience profound physical change during this period – they also undergo a revolution in the way they think. This essay focuses on the adolescent and their concept of self, with a discussion of the predictable and unpredictable events that they are known to face. Although each adolescent will mature according to their own unique timetable. 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I firmly believe that, while gender does influence, it is definite that a woman is going to be nurturing or man is going to be a provider. The self cannot be put into neat boxes such as those. The rational maximizer theory seemed a little too selfish to me and way too limited by governing bodies, circumstances, and society. Read MoreThe Concept Of Self Actualization878 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of self-actualization, as discussed in the assigned article, is, at its core, a tool through w hich individuals achieve well-being by reaching their fully-functioning human potential. (Deci, Ryan, Guay, 2013). Although self-determination theory does not use the specific term â€Å"actualization† of human potential, it does suggest that the highest psychological state for an individual is to be â€Å"full functioning,† or using all â€Å"capacities for experience, connection, and proactivity.† (DeciRead MoreSocialization and Self Concept733 Words   |  3 Pages Socialization is a big part of our lives it goes hand in hand with our self concept. Self concept helps us understand who we are and how we think we look compared to other people. How you view yourself plays a very important role in your life. Although we view ourselves one way our self concept may be distorted. My experience is a very recent one that intrigued me because it made me see how important our self concept is. I realized that individuals can be in a way erased from society if theyRead MoreThe Elements Of Self Concept954 Words   |  4 PagesMy Success Story This essay will explain the elements of self-concept. â€Å"Self-concept is composed of those stable ideas about who you are† (Floyd 72). I will first be explaining what I think I am good at and what makes me good at it. I will then take 10 characteristics of myself and explain how they represent my self-concept. Lastly, I will be taking these 10 characteristics and describing how they got to be on my self-concept list. When I was younger and chose what I wanted to be when I grew upRead MoreThe Emergence Of Self Concept1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe Emergence of Self Throughout our history the idea of self has developed and proved to be a dominant concept that Americans have come to understand. Not defined or found in lineage, religion, or history, the concept of self is defined by a collection of values. These values and principles are rooted in individualism, self-actualization, and self-reliance where people are able to fulfill their own destiny and believe in the promise that through ward work and determination life can be different

An Architect As A Future Career - 800 Words

I am most interested in being an Architect as a future career. An Architect plan and design houses, factories and any other structures. This kind of matches my career workstyles because my number one work style was investigative and this somewhat matches it because I guess this job could involve some of that because all the new stuff you learn from it but it s more of a creative job, which was my second highest one. It’s more of a creative job because you re building things and drawing and you need to be very creative to do that (which I am) and you need to be creative because this job requires a lot of thinking. When you build the models you need to think about all kinds of things like is it safe, is it built right and many more questions you will need to constantly ask yourself. I want to be an Architect because I always wanted to design my own house. I wanted to be an Architect for a while now. I have always liked building and designing things and just being able to see the finished process, so this is why I want to be an Architect. An Architect helps designs houses for people or for a business. He does this by using a computer program, doing it on paper or making a 3D model of the house. I would enjoy this job because I like to draw and use a computer and I like to help build things. This relates to my work behavior style because I will be getting paid good and I don t have designated hours to work on it, I would just need to have it done before a certain time. TheShow MoreRelatedOccupational Research Report: A Career as an Architect Essays1012 Words   |  5 PagesThis Occupational Research Report is based on the career information obtained on the occupation of architecture. if focuses on the potential career of being an architect, the steps leading to obtaining a position and training, as well as the future growth and outlook of this occupation. According to Lee W. 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Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Free Essays

War, by its very nature, is an act that is a display of horror, violence, terror, suffering and most of all death (William Einwechter, 2004). But the question is, can the engagement of a nation in a war be considered just? What exactly is a just war? By definition, a just war is a conflict that is engaged by two nations with a fixed set of rules for combat (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006). But this exception applies if the two combatants possess similar traits (Philiosophy, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the Christian perspective, war, or the engagement in it, is bound by certain qualifications to make the war devoid of sin (Einwechter, 2004). God Himself has depicted Himself as a warrior, waging wars on the unrighteous (Einwechter, 2004). It would be understood that if warfare is inherently evil, then warfare would not be a correct and accurate depiction of God’s character (Einwechter, 2004). And second, God directly ordered his people to engage in war, to annihilate threats to their country and people (Einwechter, 2004). But to better get a grasp of war, we must include in the two views that are inherent in the decision to see if a war is right or wrong. The pacifist belief holds that all war or the engagement in war is inherently wrong, while the realist belief states that in war, all is fair and right (John Buell, 2002). But the concept of engaging in war cannot be deduced to the superiority of one party over the other in terms of military might (Paul Ramsey, 2002). To Christians, what is made as the case for declaring a war unjust is when the commandment against killing is viewed in a legalistic manner, precluding all other interpretations (Ramsey, 2002). The war on terrorism cannot be viewed therefore as a just and correct conflict (Dale Snauwaert, 2002). Terrorism is not an identifiable enemy, just as what God commanded in the ordering of wars against certain and specific people (Einwechter, 2004). As President Bush’s statement attests, the war is on terrorism, not on a single threat of a nation or alliance (Snauwaert, 2002). The President’s â€Å"war† is not with a terrorist nation, but an ideology, a strategy (Snauwaert, 2002). Secondly, in the Bush war, the threat is not imminent (Snauwaert, 2002). It is what the government calls â€Å"pre-emptive action†, an attack against a perceived, not an actual, threat (Snauwaert, 2002). The mandate for the use of violence, such as in engaging in war, is the prevention of violence, not the spread of it (David Nils Gyllenhaal). Citing from law enforcement, if a criminal will do more harm if he is not killed, then the actions in war is to stop the incidence of a nation’s actions in spreading its violence, and that will take force to accomplish (Gyllenhaal). References Buell, J. (2002). Just war theory and the wars of the 20th century. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. yale. edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2002/3/02. 03. 01. x. html Einwechter, W. (2004). A Christain Perspective on just war. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. visionforumministries. org/issues/ballot_ box/a_christian_perspective_on_jus. aspx Gyllenhaal, D. (n. d. ). Just war theory: a new church perspective. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. newphilosophyonline. org/journal/data/111a/Gyllenhaal_Article– New_Philosophy_January-June_2008. pdf. Ramsey, P. (2002). The Just War: Force and Political Responsibilty. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield 2002 Snauwaert, D. T. (2002). The Bush doctrine and just war theory. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. trinstitute. org/ojpcr/6_1snau. pdf. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2006). Just war theory. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. iep. utm. edu/j/justwar. htm How to cite Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Papers

Title Hate Crimes free essay sample

Lifeless bodies with slashed throats were found In the mountains of Virginia nearly six years ago. This is quite a disturbing image; the unfortunate result of a hate crime. What exactly is a hate crime? The American Psychological Association defines hate crimes as violent acts against people, property, or organizations because of the group to which they belong or identify with (1). The different groups usually involved include homosexuals, ethnic groups, and religion affiliations. Dry.Jack McDermott, a criminologist at Northeastern university In Boston, said hate crimes are forms of messages the offender wants to send to members of certain ropes letting them know they are unwelcome in that neighborhood, community, school or workplace (PAP, 1). According to CNN. Com, Darrell David Rice of Columbia, Maryland, was found guilty of committing the 1 996 slayings of hikers Julienne Merle Williams and Laura Lowell Wines, who were the girls In the opening disturbing Image. Rice Is serving an 11- year sentence in federal prison in Petersburg, Virginia, for attempting to abduct and kill a female bicyclist in the same park in 1997. In Jasper, Texas ;the deadly attack on Matthew Sheppard, a gay student In Laramie, Wyoming ;the shooting rampage targeting minority citizens In Chicago ;the shootings of children at a Jewish community center in Los Angles ;the murder of Joseph Santos Little, a Filipino-American mail carrier A report done by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) states that 7,947 hate crime incidents were reported. In 1 995, a comparison of states showed that California was at the top of the charts with 1,751 incidents reported, and Florida stood with 164 incidents (2).The total number of hate crimes only decreased by less than a hundred between 1995 and 1999. While these numbers may seem relatively small, the Southern Poverty Law Center has posted more dramatic statistics: every hour someone commits a hate crime, every day eight blacks, three whites, three gays, three In order to prevent the hate crimes from occurring, different things are being done in order to prevent and deal with the hate cr imes. In schools, the Anti-Defamation League websites suggests planning ahead by doing the following (1): 1 . Work with your school administration to establish a plan for responding promptly to hate incidents and hate crimes. 2. Educate school staff on how to recognize hate-motivated incidents and hate crimes. 3. Establish procedures for reporting hate-motivated incidents/crimes. 4. Establish school policies which clearly indicate that hate-motivated behavior will not be tolerated. On a wider scale, since the sass research on hate crimes has increased, especially from those in the fields of criminology and law enforcement.There focus is primarily on reporting the frequency of the problem and preparing criminal Justice responses to it. While many hate motivated crimes go unreported, the number of reported incidents is up. However, with special training, people are prepared to deal with the situations. According to Wesley, the first professionals to respond to the scene of a hate crime are police officers. How they act in the situation will affect the outcome of the incident.Wesley stated, law enforcement agencies have a pivotal role in responding to, investigating, prosecuting, and preventing hate crimes. Training is given to the Alice officers in order to carry out their role. Wesley said the training includes how to recognize and investigate potential hate crimes, have clear protocols on how to respond to hate violence, and develop innovative programs for preventing the hate crimes. Along with the professional training of police personnel, laws against hate crimes have been enforced in some states.As of 1999, there are only eleven states that do not have hate crime laws: South Carolina, Hawaii, Wyoming, New York, Kentucky, Rhode Island, New Mexico, Kansas, Arkansas, Georgia and Indiana. The anti-hate laws may not be well known but there are some out there. For example, the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act provides assistance to state and local law enforcement agencies and amend federal law to streamline the investigation and prosecution of hate crimes. This bill will change the already existing law, adding crimes against sexual orientation, gender, and disability. This law also allows authority to respond to all crimes covered by the existing law, meaning crimes based on race, color, national origin, and religion (1). The number of hate crimes is slowly being decreased and the number of laws It may seem impossible to eliminate all the hate crimes that are occurring, but with ore research, training, and handling each situation as they arise more seriously, America is slowly on its way to eliminating the problem of hate crimes.

Benjamin Britten Biography

Benjamin Britten Biography Introduction A renowned classic music composer, soloist and director, Benjamin Britten was born in England, on November 22, 1913. Even in his childhood, he was actively involved in music, composing his first works at the tender age of five. From then on he progressed in creativity and composition even though he had no form of technical training in music. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Britten Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, his mother was a part time singer and she aided his growth in approach and musical content. The Royal Falily is one of his well known compositions in his early childhood, which was about the death of the fifth son of George V in 1919. Educational background Frank Bridge, who was a well known music composer, became interested in Britten while he was still very young. Frank had a passion for developing innovative styles of music which led him to see the unique qualitie s of Britten’s work [1]. Frank was therefore in a sense responsible for mentoring Bitten, providing him with the technical understanding that Bitten needed to create quality compositions. The only well known institution that Britten enrolled into was the Royal College of Music in 1930 with a goal of studying musical composition and the piano under the tutorship of Arthur Benjamin, John Ireland and Harold Samuel [2]. It was here that his work begun receiving acclaim, for he went on to receive numerous awards for compositions like a â€Å"Boy was Born†, in 1933. Musical career From April 1935, Britten adopted music as a profession when he took on the job of creating music for documentary films produced by the General Post Office (GPO). It was here that he met W.H. Auden in July 1935, and they went on to work on several projects together while at GPO, including the films Coal Face, Night Mail and the song series â€Å"Our Hunting Fathers†. Auden was a brilliant p oet who went on to influence much of Britten’s 1942 composition; â€Å"Hymn to St. Cecilia† [3]. It is while still working at GPO when Britten met Peter Pears in 1937, who later became his musical collaborator and a source for musical inspiration. It was in that same year that he composed â€Å"Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge† for string orchestra, one of his most remarkable works. Move to America The primary reason that made Britten move to America in 1939 was that at the time, Auden had immigrated to America. Another reason is that he was disgruntled by the cold reception that his work â€Å"A Pacifist March† had received, after he had composed it for the Peace Pledge Union [4]. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Along with his friend Peter Pears, they set off for the United States and eventually settled in Amityville, Long Island, New York. In 1940, Pears inspired Britten to composed â€Å"Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo†, the first among many songs that he would dedicate to Pears. His stay in America consequently influenced Britten, who together with Auden wrote an operetta, â€Å"Paul Bunyan† a musical drama which was followed by a number of works like â€Å"the Violin Concerto† and â€Å"Sinfonia da Requiem† for orchestra performance [5]. In 1943, Britten together with Pears returned to England and went on to release â€Å"Hymn to St. Cecilia† which he had composed on his trip back from America in March, 1942 and shortly after his return, in 1943, he composed â€Å"Rejoice in the La† [6]. Famous works A unique quality that can among others be identified in Britten is his consistency. Through out his life, Brittan went on to write and compose music till his death in 1976. However, some of his works went ahead to receive great public acclaim and consequently won Britten a great number of prizes and awards. Britten’s most popular works include; â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream†, â€Å"Peter Grimes† and â€Å"The War Requiem†. A Midsummer Nights Dream This is an opera by set to a libretto and was modified by Benjamin Britten together with Peter Pears and was drawn from William Shakespeares play, â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream†. The sound is highly individual and harmoniously subtle and riddled with tenor undertones. Unlike most of his other works, Peter Pears did not assume a leading role on stage, as an alternative he took up the comical character of Flute. â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream† won Britten the 1961 UNESCO International Rostrum of Composers Award. Peter Grimes Peter Grimes is also an opera with the libretto having been modified by Montagu Slater. The original Peter Grimes was from a section of George Crabbes poem â€Å"The Borough†. It is highly thought that the main reason why Britten moved bac k to England from America is because of this poem, because he strongly related with the misfortune of the fisherman named Peter Grimes [7]. However, Britten altered the personality of Grimes from the antagonist he was in Crabbes poem, to a victim of social injustices who is wrongly understood. In this opera, the borough is a fictional village which shares the same scenario with that of Crabbe and also to that of Aldeburgh, on Englands east coast, where in fact, Britten lived at the time. The opera therefore had several innuendos pointing at Britten’s and Pears’ life. In a broader sense, Peter Grimes was the first opera composed by Britten that was professionally criticized and popular among the public.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Britten Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The War Requiem The War Requiem was written for the commemoration of Coventry Cathedral where it was first per formed on 30 May 1962. The core of this composition was full of pacifist signatures mainly so because the Battle of Britain in World War II had left the Coventry Cathedral completely ruined [8]. Britten was requested to compose something to be performed at the ceremony to officially announce the completion of a new cathedral which was designed by Basil Spence and was built next to the ruins of the original structure [9]. Bearing in mind that the work was to be presented inside the new cathedral, acoustics were definitely to be included since Brittan was an accomplished acoustic pianist. The ceremony was graced by a number of Britten’s works, including Tippetts opera King Priam. The War Requiem was dedicated to four of Brittens friends who were killed during World War I, and was used to send a strong pacifist message. It was not a glorification of the British troops, rather a public declaration of Brittens anti-war convictions. This piece pointed out to others the wickedness of war, and not necessarily the wickedness of human beings [10]. Britten wrote the War Requiem for a German, a Russian and a British soloist, meaning he viewed war as a universal loss and not just loss to his home country, and therefore emphasized the need for unity and peace. Effectively, the War Requiem was as well intended to serve as a warning to future generations, negating the absurdity of taking up arms against fellow human beings. Among all of his works, The War Requiem has by far been deemed the most popular to this day. Consequently, he went on to receive numerous awards due to this piece even after his death. Some of the prizes he received are â€Å"Grammy Awards 1963 Classical Album of the Year†, â€Å"Grammy Awards 1963 Best Classical Performance†, â€Å"Grammy Awards 1963 Best Classical Composition by a Contemporary Composer†, Sonning Award 1967, â€Å"BRIT Awards 1977 Best Orchestral Album† and the â€Å"Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1998†. Conclusion There is no doubt that Benjamin Britten was a gifted individual when it came to music. Apart from being a skilled pianist, he composed some remarkable works and was also a music conductor. He drew inspiration from the people he surrounded himself with like Peter Pears and the poet Auden. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Britten did however face rejection from other composers whom did no find his style trendy. He was forced to move away from London due to the rejection which can be seen in most of his work. Most of his leading characters are misunderstood by the society that they are in and it is possible that he was pointing at himself. All in all, Britten’s work will surely prevail for a long time for his compositions are performed. References Carpenter, Humphrey. Benjamin Britten: A Biography. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1992. Evans, Peter. The Music of Benjamin Britten. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1979. Kennedy, Michael. Britten Works. London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981. [1] Humphrey Carpenter. Benjamin Britten: A Biography (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1992), p. 32 [2] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 21. [3] Peter Evans. The Music of Benjamin Britten (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1979), p. 54. [4] Humphrey Carpenter. B enjamin Britten: A Biography (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1992), p. 38. [5] Peter Evans. The Music of Benjamin Britten (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1979), p. 54. [6] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 46. [7] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 75. [8] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 117. [9] Peter Evans. The Music of Benjamin Britten (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1979), p. 54. [10] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 21.

How To Calculate Experimental Error in Chemistry

How To Calculate Experimental Error in Chemistry Error is a measure of the accuracy of the values in your experiment. It is important to be able to calculate experimental error, but there is more than one way to calculate and express it. Here are the most common ways to calculate experimental error: Error Formula In general, error is the difference between an accepted or theoretical value and an experimental value. Error Experimental Value - Known Value Relative Error Formula Relative Error Error / Known Value Percent Error  Formula % Error Relative Error x 100% Example Error Calculations Lets say a researcher measures the mass of a sample to be 5.51 grams. The actual mass of the sample is known to be 5.80 grams. Calculate the error of the measurement. Experimental Value 5.51 gramsKnown Value 5.80 grams Error Experimental Value - Known ValueError 5.51 g - 5.80 gramsError - 0.29 grams Relative Error Error / Known ValueRelative Error - 0.29 g / 5.80 gramsRelative Error - 0.050 % Error Relative Error x 100%% Error - 0.050 x 100%% Error - 5.0%

How much volatility is the Saudi Arabian petrochemical industry Dissertation

How much volatility is the Saudi Arabian petrochemical industry exposed to - Dissertation Example Comparison between markets Returns and Stock Returns of Advanced Petrochemical Company 40 4.1.2 Alujain Corporation 40 Chart 2. Comparison between Market Returns and Stock Returns of Alujain Petrochemicals 41 4.1.3 Methanol Chemicals Limited 41 Chart 3. Comparison between Market Returns and Stock Returns of Methanol Chemical Company 42 4.1.4 Nama Chemicals Company 43 Chart 4. Comparison between Stock Returns of Nama Chemicals Company and Market Returns 43 4.1.5 National Industrialization Company 44 Chart 5. Comparison between Stock Returns of National Industrialization Company and Market Returns 44 4.1.6 National Petrochemical Company 45 Chart 6. Comparison between Stock Returns of National Petrochemical Company and Market Returns 45 4.1.7 Rabigh Refining and Petrochemicals Company 46 Chart 7. Comparison between Stock Returns of Rabigh Refining and Petrochemical Company and Market Returns 46 4.1.8 Sahara Petrochemicals 47 Chart 8. Comparison between Market Returns and Stock Return of Sahara Petrochemical Company 48 4.1.9 Saudi Arabia Fertilizers Company 48 Chart 9. Comparison between Market Returns and Stock Return of Saudi Arabia Fertilizers Company 49 4.1.10 Saudi Basic Industries Corporation 49 Chart 10. Comparison between Market Returns and Stock Return of Saudi Basic Industries Corporation 50 4.1.11 Saudi Industrial Investment Group 50 Chart 11. Comparison between Market Returns and Stock Return of Saudi Industrial Investment Group 51 4.1.12 Saudi International Petrochemical Company 52 Chart 12. Comparison between Market Returns and Stock Return of Saudi International Petrochemical Company 52 4.1.13 Saudi Kayan Petrochemical Company 53 Chart 13. Comparison between Market Returns and Stock Return of Saudi Kayan Petrochemical Company 53 4.1.14 Arabian... Saudi Arabia is intrinsically dependent upon petroleum and petrochemical industry for its revenues and income. The nation’s huge oil reserves have assisted it in getting developed as one of the largest producers and exporters of petroleum and petrochemical goods. Precisely, the nation accounts for 20 percent of global petroleum reserves in the world and exports US$ 157.41 billion worth of the fuel. Importance of the sector behind the development of the nation could be well perceived from the fact that it contributes around 75 percent to government budget, 45 percent to the GDP and constitutes of 90 percent of Saudi Arabia’s export earnings (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, 2009). This high degree of dependence of Saudi Arabia upon its oil reserves bore fruit to the nation during the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 which increased oil prices to a peak thus facilitating the process in which Saudi Arabia became one of the fastest growing economies in the world ( U.S. Department of State, 2011). Such instances had been common for Saudi Arabia as it had been for other oil producing nations in the world. However, oil prices are susceptible to high degrees of fluctuations, which is the reason why it is important to assess the extent of volatility that the industry is exposed to.

Communications Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Communications Technology - Essay Example No way was I going to pedal over some of those hills though: o Lucky for me the bus drivers were happy to put my bike on a carrier on the front of the bus and drive me to a destination where I could pedal around exploring. Beautiful country...too bad about the tourism dollars going out of the country - but that's another blogg in itself. In 2004 I spent three weeks in Palau for the 9th Pacific Arts Festival - that was awesome! So many cultures, so little time. I plan on traveling the Eastern Coastline of Australia in 2007 - the web pics are breathtaking, and I want to learn to scuba dive. I am also interested in robotics, and have built myself a little bot I've named Nox (yes I'm a Gater [Stargate fan]). I enjoy building things and I enjoy watching Nox learn things - like how to find his way through a maze (I made one out of cardboard) and how to find his way through my apartment (lots of trial and error and the occasional broken glass). At the moment I am building a little sister for Nox, her name is Major Carter (yep, Stargate again!). But trying to build around my studies can be difficult, as all I seem to do is study (_*) I became interested in communications technology at high school. I firmly believe it is necessary for humans to have effective communications: interpersonally, nationally and globally. I think it important also that each person be able to critically analyze and reflect on information that is communicated to us and that each person have access to information, so that we can make informed decisions, and so that institutions, corporations and individuals can be accountable for their actions. It helps that the CT industry is growing rapidly, as that means I more likely to obtain gainful employment - in a job I enjoy! Also, the dynamic nature of the internet will allow me to be innovative and expressive in a variety of ways that suit my character - color, FUN, interaction, connections with like minded individuals and businesses etc. At this point, web programming is a definite interest. I will be able to design sites for others, as well as develop my own about topics which are important to me. Due to current time constraints ; ) I can begin a soapbox from my blogg, for dissemination on an important CT topic: ethics!!! Ethics brings to mind for many people, including students, including myself - the word boringit conjures up images of dry, drab and complicated documents bound in dusty covers, sectioned away in the far corners of libraries. It is unfortunate that we, and I emphasize the collective "we", do not take more of an interest in our rights as citizens of this globe. For that is what ethics is - guidelines for maintaining our freedoms as a human being, our dignity, our privacy, and our accountability to the global community we are a part of. With a medium such as the internet ethics becomes further complicated and even more important - at least I think so. The internet is an unmediated communication environment. This very blogg that you read now has been created by a person whom you do not know, are likely never to meet, and who is going to say a great (and they will be great : ) many things about people, and government, and business - and maybe even you. How do you feel about that I know that for myself I have several netiquette concerns (etiquette for the www). As I write this blogg I feel a pressing need to abscond to the loo (sorry

Socio-economic Status and Health Inequalities Relationship

Socio-economic Status and Health Inequalities Relationship In this essay I will discuss the relationship between underlying social structures and health outcomes. the debates about the casual pathways between socio-economic status and health inequalities. Inequality in health is the worst inequality of all. There is no more serious inequality than knowing that youll die sooner because you are badly off (Frank Dobson / DoH, 1997a). The term health inequalities refer to the difference in health opportunities and outcomes between individuals or group of people within society. From a literature review and many studies there is information which suggests that there are inequalities in health, and that the inequality between rich and poor, termed the health gap, is continuing to grow (Smith et al., cited in Davidson, Hunt Kitzinger 2003) The National Health Service was first implemented after World War II with ideological motto from birth to grave. The National Health Service (NHS) was established as a result of the 1944 White Paper, The National Health Service was based on recommendations in the 1942 Beveridge Report which called for a state welfare system. According to William Beveridge,a national welfare state is the only way for Britain to beat five giants Want, Ignorance, Disease, squalor and Idleness. The National Health Service was set up in 1948 to provide health care for all citizens, based on need, rather then ability to pay ; providing a compressive service funded only by taxation. Initially, and mistakenly, it was predicted that demand and the cost of service would decline as illnesses were cured. In fact, the opposite happened: An ageing population a expensive new technology and drugs created new financial pressure. Despite NHS improvement and the expansion of bio medicine, facts and statistic showed that that health of nation had improved generally but the improvement had not been equal across all social classes . The most widely accepted recent study of health inequalities and social class was the Black Report of 1980, which gathered information relating to the Standardised Mortality Rates (SMR) for different social classes in Britain, based on the Registrar Generals categorization according to occupation. In 1971 the death rate for adult men in social class V was nearly twice that of adult men in social class I. The purpose of The Black Report (1980) was to investigate the problem of health inequalities in the UK. The report analysed the lifestyles and health records of people from all social classes. It suggested that the causes of health inequalities were so deep rooted that only major public expenditure would be capable of altering the pattern (Jenkin 1980). This report showed that the gap in equalities of health between lower and higher social classes was widening. The problem had to be investigated outside NHS. The key causes of inequalities in health were linked with social economic factors such as low income, unemployment, poor environment, poor education and sub standard housing. The report looked at four explanations patterns in inequality. The artifact explanation which suggests health inequalities dont really exist, but only appear to because of the way class is constructed. the black report found evidence to support the view that the higher a persons social class, the more likely it would be to find them in good health. The report used infant mortality rates, life expectancy, mental illness and causes of death of people in different social classes. But critics such as Illsley (1986) argue that the statistical connection between social class and illness exaggerates the situation. Social selection explanations suggest that it is health that determines social class rather than class determining health, as those who are healthy will experience upwards social mobility (p36) which raises the death rates and levels of illnesses and disability within the lower classes as the unhealthy are pushed down the social scale (Naidoo and Wills, 1994). On the basis of data from a National of Health and Development, Wadswroth (1986) found that seriously ill boys were more likely to suffer a fall in social class than others Social selection did not explain the disadvantages that occur at all stages of individuals life cycle, also it did not account for the social class differences in health found in childhood, when there is not much social mobility but differences in mortality. (Marsh and Keating, 2006) Shaw et al (1999) argues that those from poorer backgrounds are faced with different economic, social and employment factor which can cause ill health. This shows that class pos ition shapes health, not vice versa. (Giddens, 2006) The behavioural / cultural approach, suggests that poorer health in classes IV and V is a consequence of less healthy behaviour associated with the lower classes, for example smoking and excessive drinking. The cultural / behavioural explanations stresses that differences in health are best understood as being the result of cultural choices made by individuals or groups in the population. In other words , inequalities are rooted in the behaviour and lifestyles of the individual, and those suffering from poor health have different attitudes, values and beliefs which mean that they do not look after themselves The behavioural / cultural approach, suggests that poorer health in classes IV and V is a consequence of less healthy behaviour associated with the lower classes, for example smoking and excessive drinking. The structural/material approach is that the material situation of the lower class is the most important factor in determining their poorer health.. It claims that poor health is the result of hazards to which some people have no choice but to be exposed given the present distribution of income and opportunity (Shaw et al, 1999). Poverty is the key factor that links a range of health risks. It is a known fact that poorer people have worse diets and worse housing condition and are more likely to be unemployed and generally have a more stressed life which may lead to increase smoking and drinking habits, potentially dangerous for long term health. This approach put emphasis in the circumstances which people make their choices are strongly affected by the extent of inequality existing in our society. Poverty limit choices, satisfying immediate gratification; it is about being denied the expectation of decent health, education, shelter, a social life and a sense of self esteem Marsh (200 0). Poverty and health are definitely linked and not only are the poor more likely to suffer from ill health and premature death, but poor health and disability are themselves recognised as causes of poverty (Blackburn1991, p7. Marmot Wilkinson try to explain that social hierarchy and income/wealth inequalities causes stress and ill health, operating trough mind/emotional pathways affecting peoples well being (lecture notes ). Health improvements have been made synonymous with income equality, as Wilkinson argues is to improve social cohesion and reduce the social divisions Richard Wilkinson (1997) argues that mortality, which is influenced by health, is affected more by the relative living standards of that country. He argues that mortality is related more closely to relative income within countries than in differences in absolute income between them. Statistics show that mortality rates have a trend of being lower in countries, which have less income inequality. He thinks that long-term economic growth rates seem to have no relation to any long-term rise in life expectancy Acheson Report (1998) was another important study into health inequality which was commissioned by the New Labour government in 1997. The main purpose of Acheson report was to update the findings of the Black Report and particularly to advice on priorities for policy development (Ham, 2004). It was a comprehensive survey of the disadvantaged. The findings mirrored those of the Black Report that the root cause of inequalities was poverty. Over the last 20 years death rates have fallen among both men and women and across all social groups. However, the difference in rates between those at the top and bottom of the social class has widened. The conclusion of the report was that the gap between richest and poorest had to be reduced. Davies (2001) explains that: The Labour government came into power in 1997 with a commitment to tackle health inequalities, and offered a third way with regard to policies on health (p183). The major health strategy published after the Acheson Report was the White Paper Saving Lives: Our healthier Nation (DoH 1999a) in July 1999. It endorsed the Acheson Report by emphasising the need to reduce inequalities in health. At the same time as the White Paper, Reducing Health Inequalities: an action report was published. It referred to policies for a fairer society, building healthy communities, education, employment, housing, transport, crime and healthcare (DoH 1999b). Later that year Opportunityfor all- Tackling poverty and social exclusion was published with the aim to eradicate child poverty in twenty years time. In November 1999, the Sure Start programme began to promote the physical, intellectual, social and emotional development of young children and their families (Sure Start 1999). By May 2003, around 500 Sure Start programmes were in action, reaching about one third of all children aged under four who were living in poverty. Not only do these programmes promote health and family support services but early education also. Another government initiative aimed at improving the education of disadvantaged children is the Education Action Zones. And to encourage children from low-income families to remain on at school an Education Maintenance Allowance was introduced (Graham 2001: 108). The governments main target for poverty was to reduce the number of children in low income households by at least a quarter by 2004, as a contribution towards the broader target of halving child poverty by 2010 and eradicating it by 2020; but by 2001/2002, midway through the period set by the target, the government were only two fifths of the way to meeting this (Palmer et al 2003). Tax and benefit reforms were also introduced by the government, targeted at low income families with children. As paid employment is seen as the best way to avoid poverty, the government developed and reformed many policies to overcome barriers to employment. The governments biggest investment was  £5.2 billion in New Deal initiatives, aimed at promoting employment for different groups but especially young people who have been unemployed for six months and people over twenty five who have been unemployed for two years or more (Graham 2001). The aim of the initiative was to increase long-term employability by offering short-term employment opportunities. In April of 1999, the government introduced the first ever National minimal wage to the UK, this policy was aimed at reducing in-work poverty and decreasing the number of individuals dependent on social security. Conclusion Numerous government reports such as The Black Report, (1980) The Health Divide (1987) and The Acheson Report (1998) as well as official statistics have all related class and ill health. They have revealed massive class inequalities in health, by stating that nearly every kind of illness and disease is linked to class. Both the Black Report and Acheson Report identified policies to improve the circumstances of children as an essential condition for the reduction of health inequalities. Individuals in the lower socio-economic class may find themselves tight in a lifestyle cycle where problems that contribute to health inequalities remain unchanged. Loy payment, poor social housing, lack of qualification. are the important key that need tackling by government .it is not appropriate to educate people on healthier lifestyle choices ,ehen most of the time these choices are not avalible to them. Key problems that need tackling by the government are the continuous problems of low pay, lack of qualifications and the issues faced by those people living in poor social housing. It is not just enough to educate people on healthier lifestyle choices, when often these choices are not available to them. Taylor and Field conclude: There is now a general acceptance in research and policy circles that health inequalities are socially caused, and the major detriment is socio-economic inequality within society (2003:61).

Cheerleading Is a Sport

March 15, 2010 Cheerleading is a sport Do you consider cheerleading to be a sport like football, or any other sport? In most cases, many people tend to laugh at the idea of cheerleading being called a â€Å"sport†. People sometimes laugh because they are use to seeing cheerleaders cheer, and doing basic jumps only on the sidelines of games. In reality, they should know that cheerleading can be as dangerous as most sports. In the following essay I will be telling you why I consider cheerleading is a sport. Some part of the confusion on whether cheerleading is considered a sport or not; comes from the history of cheerleading. It all started during a football game at Princeton University. No one is sure about the date, but it is said to have started in the 1880s. At that time cheerleaders were limited to basic jumps. For example, back then they were only aloud to do cartwheels. Many years’ later competitions for cheerleading started. These competitions were not about what team can scream the loudest. These competitions were about whom can do the best stunts, have the most solid pyramid, and lastly have the best tumbling Many cheerleaders, coaches, and others involved in cheerleading, know that what cheerleaders do is just as challenging as other sports, For example, like cross-country, they run. Football players toss others, they toss girls up in the air, and the girls expect to be catch by their teammates. Like soccer players kick, they can have high kicks. Lastly, they can jump and tumble like gymnast. Cheerleaders also risk themselves building up pyramids. They are risking themselves because it can be dangerous when some one falls off or something might have gone wrong. Cheerleaders also have injuries through out the year and tryouts like all other sports. Cheerleading takes just as much dedication and skills as any other sport. Most people in this country would define a sport as an activity that pushes the individual physically and mentally to perform at their levels. And also to have some competitive component involved. Today, the games that cheerleaders attend for their school are mostly practice compared to the competitive events. If people doubt that cheerleading is a sport, they can easily take a look at some cheerleading squads performing a routine. People can go ahead and look at them on ESPN (the cable sports network). ESPN officially declared cheerleading a sport. They also began showing the national cheerleading competitions that were taking place around the country. In this show you will be able to see members of the squad leap across the matt’s. Also complete tumbling just like gymnast. Hopefully one day cheerleading will be considered a sport as football or any other sport to everyone in this country. Maybe even appear in the Olympics, since cheerleaders are just athletic and physically fit as those involved and accepted as sports.

Compare and Contrast the Three Categories of Scope

Question 1: Compare and contrast the three categories of scope of charge to income tax A modern form of income tax was introduced into Federation of Malaya in 1947 by using the derived and remittance basis. Income Tax Act (ITA) 1967 came into effect has imposed world income basis on the resident company involved in specialized industries. Malaysia adopted a territorial and remittance. With effect of year of assessment of 2004, taxation basis amended to exempt income remitted into Malaysia from oversea.Until now, Malaysia income tax imposed on territorial basis that tax on income accrued in or derived from Malaysia. The revolution of these three taxation basis has different scope of charge to resident person and non-resident person. The individual and company residence status and also the sources of income are examined under three basis to determine which kind of income received by taxable person should be taxed. Resident status is determined by the number of day physically presence w ithin the country where generally individual stay in Malaysia total 182 days or more will be a resident.Territorial basis: Under territorial basis which Malaysia is applying currently, taxable person such as individual, company or bodies of person is chargeable only on income accruing in or derived from Malaysia. Income arising within Malaysia borders means the territories of the Federation of Malaysia, the territorial waters of Malaysia and the sea-bed and sub-soil of territorial waters and any area extending beyond the limits of the territorial waters of Malaysia are subjected to tax.In this scope of charge, resident and non resident individual and company are all taxable on its income derived from Malaysia only. Non resident company taxed on income accrued or derived from Malaysia if it has permanent establishment in Malaysia. Derived and Remittance Basis: This scope of charge provided that resident person is chargeable on income accruing in or derived from Malaysia and also inco me received in Malaysia from oversea.Prior to year of assessment of 2004, only non-resident are exempted from tax on foreign source income received in Malaysia. Income remitted into Malaysia from oversea by resident person is taxable before 2004 until the effective year of assessment in 2004, a revised paragraph 28 Schedule 6 ITA exempts the income of any person including resident person received in Malaysia except those resident company carrying business on specialized industry that will be discussed later in world income basis.World income basis Resident company and non-resident company are taxed on territorial basis except for resident company carrying on business in specialized industries such as banking, insurance, sea and air transport. Under Section 60C of ITA, 1967, business sources income from these industries are taxed on world income basis. This means that business income of resident company will be imposed on tax regardless of wherever the income derived even if income a rises outside the country where individual resides.Question 2: Discuss the relevance of the three categories on the types of income received by a taxable person. These three categories of taxation basis imposed on different kind of income received by taxable person. Territorial or derived Basis In the scope of territorial basis, taxable person such as resident and non-resident individual and company excluded company carrying in specialized industry such as banking, insurance, sea and air transporter are taxed on income derived in Malaysia.Non-resident individual and company do not taxed on income received in Malaysia from oversea. Under section 4(a) ITA, income tax is imposed on gains and profit of a business. Resident and non-resident company that earn profit from their normal business activity in Malaysia are liable to tax as in accordance to the territorial basis stated that any income accrued and derived in Malaysia must be taxed. Business income for resident company are general ly taxable but non-resident company only taxable provided they has permanent establishment in Malaysia.For example, business profit gained from Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, local biscuit manufacturer company that does not fall under special industry is taxable based on resident company tax rate of 25%. Another example for non-resident company cases such as company Seesaw ltd carrying business of clothing manufacturer, it will be taxed only on business source income from clothing in Malaysia. Besides, this basis provided that employment income derived from Malaysia for resident and non-resident individual under section 4(b) of ITA 1967 is hargeable to tax. For examples, Mr. Erick Lund from Sweden who is a non-resident works in Shell company is liable to tax for his employment income. However for non-resident individual, they are also subjected to tax on the income of employment exercised in Malaysia but they are exempted if they satisfied the 60 day rule under paragraph 21 and 22 Sched ule 6. Although tax liability arise when income accrued in or derived from Malaysia in territorial basis, there are numerous types of income are exempted from tax in the hand of resident individual.Resident individual can enjoy the benefit of tax exemption such as pension income paid for Malaysian employment for approved scheme (paragraph 30, Schedule 6 of ITA) , royalties for literary and artistic (paragraph 32, 32A, 32B), income for cultural performance approved by minister (paragraph 32C), income for musical composition (paragraph 32D) and also interest income from financial institution with effect from 30 August 2008.Other types of investment income that did not listed fall in Section 4 (c), (d), (e), (f) are generally taxable for resident individual. Revenue income that is assessable to tax includes interest received for Islamic securities, other than convertible loan stock, approved by securities commission and rental income. For examples, Mrs Lim who works as a clerk in accou nting firm also received income from renting her apartment to few people.Apart from employment income as clerk is taxable under section 4 ( b), her rental income also liable to tax under section 4 ( d). For non-resident individual, they are subjected to tax on the income of employment exercised in Malaysia as mentioned above and also exempted for pension income paid for Malaysian employment for approved scheme, interest received Islamic securities and also interest from financial institution.However, they are taxable on royalties, income for cultural performance, income for musical composition. royalties for literary and artistic, income for cultural performance approved by minister, income for musical composition and also interest income from financial institution in paragraph 33, Schedule 6. References: 1. Inland Revenue Board Malaysia, 2011. Residence Status of Companies and Bodies of Persons. [online] Inland Revenue Board Malaysia. Available at:<

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates (1966) - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5819 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Where Are You Going Where Have You Been Essay Did you like this example? Her name was Connie. She was fifteen and she had a quick, nervous giggling habit of craning her neck to glance into mirrors or checking other peoples faces to make sure her own was all right. Her mother, who noticed everything and knew everything and who hadnt much reason any longer to look at her own face, always scolded Connie about it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates (1966)" essay for you Create order Stop gawking at yourself. Who are you? You think youre so pretty? she would say. Connie would raise her eyebrows at these familiar old complaints and look right through her mother, into a shadowy vision of herself as she was right at that moment: she knew she was pretty and that was everything. Her mother had been pretty once too, if you could believe those old snapshots in the album, but now her looks were gone and that was why she was always after Connie. Why dont you keep your room clean like your sister? Howve you got your hair fixedwhat the hell stinks? Hair spray? You dont see your sister using that junk. Her sister June was twenty-four and still lived at home. She was a secretary in the high school Connie attended, and if that wasnt bad enoughwith her in the same buildingshe was so plain and chunky and steady that Connie had to hear her praised all the time by her mother and her mothers sisters. June did this, June did that, she saved money and helped clean the house and cooked and Connie couldnt do a thing, her mind was all filled with trashy daydreams. Their father was away at work most of the time and when he came home he wanted supper and he read the newspaper at supper and after supper he went to bed. He didnt bother talking much to them, but around his bent head Connies mother kept picking at her until Connie wished her mother was dead and she herself was dead and it was all over. She makes me want to throw up sometimes, she complained to her friends. She had a high, breathless, amused voice that made everything she said sound a little forced, whether it was sincere or not. There was one good thing: June went places with girl friends of hers, girls who were just as plain and steady as she, and so when Connie wanted to do that her mother had no objections. The father of Connies best girl friend drove the girls the three miles to town and left them at a shopping plaza so they could walk through the stores or go to a movie, and when he came to pick them up again at eleven he never bothered to ask what they had done. They must have been familiar sights, walking around the shopping plaza in their shorts and flat ballerina slippers that always scuffed the sidewalk, with charm bracelets jingling on their thin wrists; they would lean together to whisper and laugh secretly if someone passed who amused or interested them. Connie had long dark blond hair that drew anyones eye to it, and she wore part of it pulled up on her head and puffed out and the rest of it she let fall down her back. She wore a pull-over jersey blouse that looked one way when she was at home and another way when she was away from home. Everything about her had two sides to it, one for home and one for anywhere that was not home: her walk, which could be childlike and bobbing, or languid enough to make anyone think she was hearing music in her head; her mouth, which was pale and smirking most of the time, but bright and pink on these evenings out; her laugh, which was cynical and drawling at homeHa, ha, very funny,but highpitched an d nervous anywhere else, like the jingling of the charms on her bracelet. Sometimes they did go shopping or to a movie, but sometimes they went across the highway, ducking fast across the busy road, to a drive-in restaurant where older kids hung out. The restaurant was shaped like a big bottle, though squatter than a real bottle, and on its cap was a revolving figure of a grinning boy holding a hamburger aloft. One night in midsummer they ran across, breathless with daring, and right away someone leaned out a car window and invited them over, but it was just a boy from high school they didnt like. It made them feel good to be able to ignore him. They went up through the maze of parked and cruising cars to the bright- lit, fly-infested restaurant, their faces pleased and expectant as if they were entering a sacred building that loomed up out of the night to give them what haven and blessing they yearned for. They sat at the counter and crossed their legs at the ankles, their thin shoulders rigid with excitement, and listened to the music that made everythin g so good: the music was always in the background, like music at a church service; it was something to depend upon. A boy named Eddie came in to talk with them. He sat backwards on his stool, turning himself jerkily around in semicircles and then stopping and turning back again, and after a while he asked Connie if she would like something to eat. She said she would and so she tapped her friends arm on her way outher friend pulled her face up into a brave, droll lookand Connie said she would meet her at eleven, across the way. I just hate to leave her like that, Connie said earnestly, but the boy said that she wouldnt be alone for long. So they went out to his car, and on the way Connie couldnt help but let her eyes wander over the windshields and faces all around her, her face gleaming with a joy that had nothing to do with Eddie or even this place; it might have been the music. She drew her shoulders up and sucked in her breath with the pure pleasure of being alive, and just at that moment she happened to glance at a face just a few feet from hers. It was a boy with shaggy black hair, in a conve rtible jalopy painted gold. He stared at her and then his lips widened into a grin. Connie slit her eyes at him and turned away, but she couldnt help glancing back and there he was, still watching her. He wagged a finger and laughed and said, Gonna get you, baby, and Connie turned away again without Eddie noticing anything. She spent three hours with him, at the restaurant where they ate hamburgers and drank Cokes in wax cups that were always sweating, and then down an alley a mile or so away, and when he left her off at five to eleven only the movie house was still open at the plaza. Her girl friend was there, talking with a boy. When Connie came up, the two girls smiled at each other and Connie said, How was the movie? and the girl said, You should know. They rode off with the girls father, sleepy and pleased, and Connie couldnt help but look back at the darkened shopping plaza with its big empty parking lot and its signs that were faded and ghostly now, and over at the drive-in restaurant where cars were still circling tirelessly. She couldnt hear the music at this distance. Next morning June asked her how the movie was and Connie said, So-so. She and that girl and occasionally another girl went out several times a week, and the rest of the time Connie spent around the houseit was summer vacationgetting in her mother s way and thinking, dreaming about the boys she met. But all the boys fell back and dissolved into a single face that was not even a face but an idea, a feeling, mixed up with the urgent insistent pounding of the music and the humid night air of July. Connies mother kept dragging her back to the daylight by finding things for her to do or saying suddenly, Whats this about the Pettinger girl? And Connie would say nervously, Oh, her. That dope. She always drew thick clear lines between herself and such girls, and her mother was simple and kind enough to believe it. Her mother was so simple, Connie thought, that it was maybe cruel to fool her so much. Her mother went scuffling around the house in old bedroom slippers and complained over the telephone to one sister about the other, then the other called up and the two of them complained about the third one. If Junes name was mentioned her mothers tone was approving, and if Connies name was mentioned it was disapproving. This did not really mean she disliked Connie, and actually Connie thought that her mother preferred her to June just because she was prettier, but the two of them kept up a pretense of exasperation, a sense that they were tugging and struggling over something of little value to either of them. Sometimes, over coffee, they were almost friends, but something would come upsome vexation that was like a fly buzzin g suddenly around their headsand their faces went hard with contempt. One Sunday Connie got up at elevennone of them bothered with churchand washed her hair so that it could dry all day long in the sun. Her parents and sister were going to a barbecue at an aunts house and Connie said no, she wasnt interested, rolling her eyes to let her mother know just what she thought of it. Stay home alone then, her mother said sharply. Connie sat out back in a lawn chair and watched them drive away, her father quiet and bald, hunched around so that he could back the car out, her mother with a look that was still angry and not at all softened through the windshield, and in the back seat poor old June, all dressed up as if she didnt know what a barbecue was, with all the running yelling kids and the flies. Connie sat with her eyes closed in the sun, dreaming and dazed with the warmth about her as if this were a kind of love, the caresses of love, and her mind slipped over onto thoughts of the boy she had been with the night before and how nice he had been, how sweet it always was, not the way someone like June would suppose but sweet, gentle, the way it was in movies and promised in songs; and when she opened her eyes she hardly knew where she was, the back yard ran off into weeds and a fence-like line of trees and behind it the sky was perfectly blue and still. The asbestos ranch house that was now three years old startled herit looked small. She shook her head as if to get awake. It was too hot. She went inside the house and turned on the radio to drown out the quiet. She sat on the edge of her bed, barefoot, and listened for an hour and a half to a program called XYZ Sunday Jamboree, record after record of hard, fast, shrieking songs she sang along with, interspersed by exclamations from Bobby King: An look here, you girls at NapoleonsSon and Charley want you to pay real close attention to this song coming up! And Connie paid close attention herself, bathed in a glow of slow-pulsed joy that seemed to rise mysteriously out of the music itself and lay languidly about the airless little room, breathed in and breathed out with each gentle rise and fall of her chest. After a while she heard a car coming up the drive. She sat up at once, startled, because it couldnt be her father so soon. The gravel kept crunching all the way in from the roadthe driveway was longand Connie ran to the window. It was a car she didnt know. It was an open jalopy, painted a bright gold that caught the sunlight opaquely. Her heart began to pound and her fingers snatched at her hair, checking it, and she whispered, Christ. Christ, wondering how bad she looked. The car came to a stop at the side door and the horn sounded four short taps, as if this were a signal Connie knew. She went into the kitchen and approached the door slowly, then hung out the screen door, her bare toes curling down off the step. There were two boys in the car and now she recognized the driver: he had shaggy, shabby black hair that looked crazy as a wig and he was grinning at her. I aint late, am I? he said. Who the hell do you think you are? Connie said. Toldja Id be out, didnt I? I dont even know who you are. She spoke sullenly, careful to show no interest or pleasure, and he spoke in a fast, bright monotone. Connie looked past him to the other boy, taking her time. He had fair brown hair, with a lock that fell onto his forehead. His sideburns gave him a fierce, embarrassed look, but so far he hadnt even bothered to glance at her. Both boys wore sunglasses. The drivers glasses were metallic and mirrored everything in miniature. You wanta come for a ride? he said. Connie smirked and let her hair fall loose over one shoulder. Dontcha like my car? New paint job, he said. Hey. What? Youre cute. She pretended to fidget, chasing flies away from the door. Dontcha believe me, or what? he said. Look, I dont even know who you are, Connie said in disgust. Hey, Ellies got a radio, see. Mine broke down. He lifted his friends arm and showed her the little transistor radio the boy was holding, and now Connie began to hear the music. It was the same program that was playing inside the house. Bobby King? she said. I listen to him all the time. I think hes great. Hes kind of great, Connie said reluctantly. Listen, that guys great. He knows where the action is. Connie blushed a little, because the glasses made it impossible for her to see just what this boy was looking at. She couldnt decide if she liked him or if he was just a jerk, and so she dawdled in the doorway and wouldnt come down or go back inside. She said, Whats all that stuff painted on your car? Cantcha read it? He opened the door very carefully, as if he were afraid it might fall off. He slid out just as carefully, planting his feet firmly on the ground, the tiny metallic world in his glasses slowing down like gelatine hardening, and in the midst of it Connies bright green blouse. This here is my name, to begin with, he said. ARNOLD FRIEND was written in tarlike black letters on the side, with a drawing of a round, grinning face that reminded Connie of a pumpkin, except it wore sunglasses. I wanta introduce myself, Im Arnold Friend and thats my real name and Im gonna be your friend, honey, and inside the cars Ellie Oscar, hes kinda shy. Ellie brought his transistor radio up to his shoulder and balanced it there. Now, these numbers are a secret code, honey, Arnold Friend explained. He read off the numbers 33, 19, 17 and raised his eyebrows at her to see what she thought of that, but she didnt think much of it. The left rear fender had been smashed and around it was written, on the gleaming gold background: DONE BY CRAZY WOMAN DRIVER. Connie had to laugh at that. Arnold Friend was pleased at her laughter and looked up at her. Around the other sides a lot more you wanta come and see them? No. Why not? Why should I? Dontcha wanta see whats on the car? Dontcha wanta go for a ride? I dont know. Why not? I got things to do. Like what? Things. He laughed as if she had said something funny. He slapped his thighs. He was standing in a strange way, leaning back against the car as if he were balancing himself. He wasnt tall, only an inch or so taller than she would be if she came down to him. Connie liked the way he was dressed, which was the way all of them dressed: tight faded jeans stuffed into black, scuffed boots, a belt that pulled his waist in and showed how lean he was, and a white pull-over shirt that was a little soiled and showed the hard small muscles of his arms and shoulders. He looked as if he probably did hard work, lifting and carrying things. Even his neck looked muscular. And his face was a familiar face, somehow: the jaw and chin and cheeks slightly darkened because he hadnt shaved for a day or two, and the nose long and hawklike, sniffing as if she were a treat he was going to gobble up and it was all a joke. Connie, you aint telling the truth. This is your day set aside for a ride with me and you know it, he said, still laughing. The way he straightened and recovered from his fit of laughing showed that it had been all fake. How do you know what my name is? she said suspiciously. Its Connie. Maybe and maybe not. I know my Connie, he said, wagging his finger. Now she remembered him even better, back at the restaurant, and her cheeks warmed at the thought of how she had sucked in her breath just at the moment she passed himhow she must have looked to him. And he had remembered her. Ellie and I come out here especially for you, he said. Ellie can sit in back. How about it? Where? Where what? Wherere we going? He looked at her. He took off the sunglasses and she saw how pale the skin around his eyes was, like holes that were not in shadow but instead in light. His eyes were like chips of broken glass that catch the light in an amiable way. He smiled. It was as if the idea of going for a ride somewhere, to someplace, was a new idea to him. Just for a ride, Connie sweetheart. I never said my name was Connie, she said. But I know what it is. I know your name and all about you, lots of things, Arnold Friend said. He had not moved yet but stood still leaning back against the side of his jalopy. I took a special interest in you, such a pretty girl, and found out all about youlike I know your parents and sister are gone somewheres and I know where and how long theyre going to be gone, and I know who you were with last night, and your best girl friends name is Betty. Right? He spoke in a simple lilting voice, exactly as if he were reciting the words to a song. His smile assured her that everything was fine. In the car Ellie turned up the volume on his radio and did not bother to look around at them. Ellie can sit in the back seat, Arnold Friend said. He indicated his friend with a casual jerk of his chin, as if Ellie did not count and she should not bother with him. Howd you find out all that stuff? Connie said. Listen: Betty Schultz and Tony Fitch and Jimmy Pettinger and Nancy Pettinger, he said in a chant. Raymond Stanley and Bob Hutter Do you know all those kids? I know everybody. Look, youre kidding. Youre not from around here. Sure. Buthow come we never saw you before? Sure you saw me before, he said. He looked down at his boots, as if he were a little offended. You just dont remember. I guess Id remember you, Connie said. Yeah? He looked up at this, beaming. He was pleased. He began to mark time with the music from Ellies radio, tapping his fists lightly together. Connie looked away from his smile to the car, which was painted so bright it almost hurt her eyes to look at it. She looked at that name, ARNOLD FRIEND. And up at the front fender was an expression that was familiarMAN THE FLYING SAUCERS. It was an expression kids had used the year before but didnt use this year. She looked at it for a while as if the words meant something to her that she did not yet know. Whatre you thinking about? Huh? Arnold Friend demanded. Not worried about your hair blowing around in the car, are you? No. Think I maybe cant drive good? How do I know? Youre a hard girl to handle. How come? he said. Dont you know Im your friend? Didnt you see me put my sign in the air when you walked by? What sign? My sign. And he drew an X in the air, leaning out toward her. They were maybe ten feet apart. After his hand fell back to his side the X was still in the air, almost visible. Connie let the screen door close and stood perfectly still inside it, listening to the music from her radio and the boys blend together. She stared at Arnold Friend. He stood there so stiffly relaxed, pretending to be relaxed, with one hand idly on the door handle as if he were keeping himself up that way and had no intention of ever moving again. She recognized most things about him, the tight jeans that showed his thighs and buttocks and the greasy leather boots and the tight shirt, and even that slippery friendly smile of his, that sleepy dreamy smile that all the boys used to get across ideas they didnt want to put into words. She recognized all this and also the singsong way he talked, slightly mocking, kidding, but serious and a little melancholy, and she recognized the way he tapped one fist against the o ther in homage to the perpetual music behind him. But all these things did not come together. She said suddenly, Hey, how old are you? His smiled faded. She could see then that he wasnt a kid, he was much olderthirty, maybe more. At this knowledge her heart began to pound faster. Thats a crazy thing to ask. Cantcha see Im your own age? Like hell you are. Or maybe a couple years older. Im eighteen. Eighteen? she said doubtfully. He grinned to reassure her and lines appeared at the corners of his mouth. His teeth were big and white. He grinned so broadly his eyes became slits and she saw how thick the lashes were, thick and black as if painted with a black tarlike material. Then, abruptly, he seemed to become embarrassed and looked over his shoulder at Ellie. Him, hes crazy, he said. Aint he a riot? Hes a nut, a real character. Ellie was still listening to the music. His sunglasses told nothing about what he was thinking. He wore a bright orange shirt unbuttoned halfway to show his chest, which was a pale, bluish chest and not muscular like Arnold Friends. His shirt collar was turned up all around and the very tips of the collar pointed out past his chin as if they were protecting him. He was pressing the transistor radio up against his ear and sat there in a kind of daze, right in the sun. Hes kinda strange, Connie said. Hey, she says youre kinda strange! Kinda strange! Arnold Friend cried. He pounded on the car to get Ellies attention. Ellie turned for the first time and Connie saw with shock that he wasnt a kid eitherhe had a fair, hairless face, cheeks reddened slightly as if the veins grew too close to the surface of his skin, the face of a forty-year-old baby. Connie felt a wave of dizziness rise in her at this sight and she stared at him as if waiting for something to change the shock of the moment, make it all right again. Ellies lips kept shaping words, mumbling along with the words blasting in his ear. Maybe you two better go away, Connie said faintly. What? How come? Arnold Friend cried. We come out here to take you for a ride. Its Sunday. He had the voice of the man on the radio now. It was the same voice, Connie thought. Dontcha know its Sunday all day? And honey, no matter who you were with last night, today youre with Arnold Friend and dont you forget it! Maybe you better step out here, he said, and this last was in a different voice. It was a little flatter, as if the heat was finally getting to him. No. I got things to do. Hey. You two better leave. We aint leaving until you come with us. Like hell I am Connie, dont fool around with me. I meanI mean, dont fool around, he said, shaking his head. He laughed incredulously. He placed his sunglasses on top of his head, carefully, as if he were indeed wearing a wig, and brought the stems down behind his ears. Connie stared at him, another wave of dizziness and fear rising in her so that for a moment he wasnt even in focus but was just a blur standing there against his gold car, and she had the idea that he had driven up the driveway all right but had come fromnowhere before that and belonged nowhere and that everything about him and even about the music that was so familiar to her was only half real. If my father comes and sees you He aint coming. Hes at a barbecue. How do you know that? Aunt Tillies. Right now theyre uhtheyre drinking. Sitting around, he said vaguely, squinting as if he were staring all the way to town and over to Aunt Tillies back yard. Then the vision seemed to get clear and he nodded energetically. Yeah. Sitting around. Theres your sister in a blue dress, huh? And high heels, the poor sad bitchnothing like you, sweetheart! And your mothers helping some fat woman with the corn, theyre cleaning the cornhusking the corn What fat woman? Connie cried. How do I know what fat woman, I dont know every goddamn fat woman in the world! Arnold Friend laughed. Oh, thats Mrs. Hornsby . . . . Who invited her? Connie said. She felt a little lightheaded. Her breath was coming quickly. Shes too fat. I dont like them fat. I like them the way you are, honey, he said, smiling sleepily at her. They stared at each other for a while through the screen door. He said softly, Now, what youre going to do is this: youre going to come out that door. You re going to sit up front with me and Ellies going to sit in the back, the hell with Ellie, right? This isnt Ellies date. Youre my date. Im your lover, honey. What? Youre crazy Yes, Im your lover. You dont know what that is but you will, he said. I know that too. I know all about you. But look: its real nice and you couldnt ask for nobody better than me, or more polite. I always keep my word. Ill tell you how it is, Im always nice at first, the first time. Ill hold you so tight you wont think you have to try to get away or pretend anything because youll know you cant. And Ill come inside you where its all secret and youll give in to me and youll love me Shut up! Youre crazy! Connie said. She backed away from the door. She put her hands up against her ears as if shed heard something terrible, something not meant for her. People dont talk like that, youre crazy, she muttered. Her heart was almost too big now for her chest and its pumping made sweat break out all over her. She looked out to see Arnold Friend pause and then take a step toward the porch, lurching. He almost fell. But, like a clever drunken man, he managed to catch his balance. He wobbled in his high boots and grabbed hold of one of the porch posts. Honey? he said. You still listening? Get the hell out of here! Be nice, honey. Listen. Im going to call the police He wobbled again and out of the side of his mouth came a fast spat curse, an aside not meant for her to hear. But even this Christ! sounded forced. Then he began to smile again. She watched this smile come, awkward as if he were smiling from inside a mask. His whole face was a mask, she thought wildly, tanned down to his throat but then running out as if he had plastered make-up on his face but had forgotten about his throat. Honey? Listen, heres how it is. I always tell the truth and I promise you this: I aint coming in that house after you. You better not! Im going to call the police if youif you dont Honey, he said, talking right through her voice, honey, I m not coming in there but you are coming out here. You know why? She was panting. The kitchen looked like a place she had never seen before, some room she had run inside but that wasnt good enough, wasnt going to help her. The kitchen window had never had a curtain, after three years, and there were dishes in the sink for her to doprobablyand if you ran your hand across the table youd probably feel something sticky there. You listening, honey? Hey? going to call the police Soon as you touch the phone I dont need to keep my promise and can come inside. You wont want that. She rushed forward and tried to lock the door. Her fingers were shaking. But why lock it, Arnold Friend said gently, talking right into her face. Its just a screen door. Its just nothing. One of his boots was at a strange angle, as if his foot wasnt in it. It pointed out to the left, bent at the ankle. I mean, anybody can break through a screen door and glass and wood and iron or anything else if he needs to, anybody at all, and specially Arnold Friend. If the place got lit up with a fire, honey, youd come runnin out into my arms, right into my arms an safe at homelike you knew I was your lover andd stopped fooling around. I dont mind a nice shy girl but I dont like no fooling around. Part of those words were spoken with a slight rhythmic lilt, and Connie somehow recognized themthe echo of a song from last year, about a girl rushing into her boy friends arms and coming home again Connie stood barefoot on the linoleum floor, staring at him. What do you want? she whispered. I want you, he said. What? Seen you that night and thought, thats the one, yes sir. I never needed to look anymore. But my fathers coming back. Hes coming to get me. I had to wash my hair first She spoke in a dry, rapid voice, hardly raising it for him to hear. No, your daddy is not coming and yes, you had to wash your hair and you washed it for me. Its nice and shining and all for me. I thank you sweetheart, he said with a mock bow, but again he almost lost his balance. He had to bend and adjust his boots. Evidently his feet did not go all the way down; the boots must have been stuffed with something so that he would seem taller. Connie stared out at him and behind him at Ellie in the car, who seemed to be looking off toward Connies right, into nothing. This Ellie said, pulling the words out of the air one after another as if he were just discovering them, You want me to pull out the phone? Shut your mouth and keep it shut, Arnold Friend said, his face red from bending over or maybe from embarrassment because Connie had seen his boots. This aint none of your business. Whatwhat are you doing? What do you want? Connie said. If I call the police theyll get you, theyll arrest you Promise was not to come in unless you touch that phone, and Ill keep that promise, he said. He resumed his erect position and tried to force his shoulders back. He sounded like a hero in a movie, declaring something important. But he spoke too loudly and it was as if he were speaking to someone behind Connie. I aint made plans for coming in that house where I dont belong but just for you to come out to me, the way you should. Dont you know who I am? Youre crazy, she whispered. She backed away from the door but did not want to go into another part of the house, as if this would give him permission to come through the door. What do you . . . youre crazy, you. . . . Huh? Whatre you saying, honey? Her eyes darted everywhere in the kitchen. She could not remember what it was, this room. This is how it is, honey: you come out and well drive away, have a nice ride. But if you dont come out were gonna wait till your people come home and then theyre all going to get it. You want that telephone pulled out? Ellie said. He held the radio away from his ear and grimaced, as if without the radio the air was too much for him. I toldja shut up, Ellie, Arnold Friend said, youre deaf, get a hearing aid, right? Fix yourself up. This little girls no trouble ands gonna be nice to me, so Ellie keep to yourself, this aint your date right? Dont hem in on me, dont hog, dont crush, dont bird dog, dont trail me, he said in a rapid, meaningless voice, as if he were running through all the expressions hed learned but was no longer sure which of them was in style, then rushing on to new ones, making them up with his eyes closed. Dont crawl under my fence, dont squeeze in my chipmonk hole, dont sniff my glue, suck my popsicle, keep your own greasy fingers on yourself! He shaded his eyes and peered in at Connie, who was backed against the kitchen table. Dont mind him, honey, hes just a creep. Hes a dope. Right? Im the boy for you, and like I said, you come out here nice like a lady and give me your hand.