Mater and method of the dissetation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Mater and method of the dissetation - Essay Example Table 1 shows a list of some of the elements of the strains isolated and later on used in the study (figure 1). All the required strains were thereafter stored in glycerol broths of 10% at a regulated temperature of about -20oC (Oxoid, UK). The plates of mCCDA were essential in the 48 hour growth of the strains and passed through microaerobic incubation at a temperature of 420C. Before all the pending experiments were conducted, all the available strains were checked to ensure that they were pure. The peptone protective effect in the solution which is diluting combined the maximum Recovery Diluent with the physiological saline osmotic support. The multiplication of organism was highly reduced by the low concentration of peptone at the PH of 7.0 Â ± 0.2 in the diluents for at least one hour during the stage of dilution. (Straka, R. P., & Stokes, J. L. ,1957: Patterson, J. T., &Cassells, J. A. 1963). The recovery of solutions was ensured by the strength of the isotonic nature of the diluents solution from the numerous sources that had been susceptible in aqueous suspensions or in distilled water (oxoida ,UK). The Maximum Recovery Diluent was prepared by adding 4.75 grams of powder to distilled water of 500 millimetre (Oxoid, UK) and was then stirred to dissolve the powder. The solution that was re-suspended got sterilized by use of the autoclaving method at a temperature of 121 0C for approximately 15 minutes. The media was left to cool to 550C temperature before being poured on one of the chicken carcass available. The growth of non-fastidious wide assortment of organisms was supported by a general purpose medium called nutrient agar, and typically contains 0.3% beef extract/extract of yeast 0.5% Peptone 0.5% NaCl 1.5% agar distilled waterpH that was adjusted to the level of neutral at 25 Â °C (Oxido,Uk). The Nutrient broth No 2 (Cm0067) was prepared by adding 10.50 g

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Business Plan - Essay Example ............................................page 4-5 5). BUSINESS AIMS..............................................................................................page 5 6). BUSINESS OBJECTIVES..............................................................................page 5-6 7). BUSINESS PRODUCTS AND SERVICE.......................................................page 6-7 8). MARKETING MIX............................................................................................page 7 9). BARRIERS TO ENTRY....................................................................................page 7-8 10). DEFINITION OF TARGET MARKET.........................................................page 8-9 11). BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT..........................................................................page 9-10 12). COMPETITOR ANALYSIS.............................................................................page 10-11 13). MARKETING PLAN.................................................... ....................................page 11-12 14). OPERATIONAL PLAN....................................................................................page 12-14 15). FINANCIAL PLANNING AND FORECASTS..............................................page 14-15 16). RISK MANAGEMENT.....................................................................................pag 15 17). HUMAN RESOURCE ISSUES........................................................................page 15-16 18). ... INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 20 22). CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...page 20-21 1). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This business plan is designed to secure funding for my idea, which is basically a restaurant and cookery school in Leicester city and/or surrounding villages in the United Kingdom. It covers the following topics: the business idea, business vision, a mission statement, aims, objectives, the product or service, marketing mix, barriers to entry, a definition of target market, the business environment, competitor analysis, marketing plan, operational plan, financial planning and forecasts, risk management, human resource issues, design strategy, time management, potential five year development plan and intellectual property management. I am seeking money from pot ential investors, business advisors, and bank managers who will see this business plan. Therefore, in this business plan, the following key questions are addressed: 1). How much investment do I require?; 2). What percentage equity am I offering in return for the investment?; 3). How will the investors obtain a return on their investment?; 4). What is the potential financial exit strategy for the investors? The business plan provides the answer to all these relevant topics and questions. 2). THE BUSINESS IDEA The business idea of Extensively British restaurant and cookery school comes from its owner’s dream. It will be a 100 seat restaurant with a 20 seat lounge, and 2 rooms for instruction with a capacity for 30 students yearly. Its specialization is British cuisine with an Italian touch. The students will take classes from the cookery school, so the restaurant and cooking courses will be in the same place. It

Study of Ceramic Perovskites-type Oxides (ABO3)

Study of Ceramic Perovskites-type Oxides (ABO3) 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Ceramic perovskites-type oxides (ABO3) have been studied extensively due to the high conductivity and low activation energy. Among of perovskite type-oxide, an investigation of cerate zirconate attracts great attention to the researcher. It is well known as ion conductor and good chemical stability at intermediate temperature. It properties give big impact for development in technological applications like fuel cells, solar cells, batteries, etc. In addition, one advantages of perovskite is low cost as it can be made from common metals and industrial chemicals. According to Abdullah et al (2012), due to their low activation energy for proton conduction, the perovskite structure with proton-conducting electrolyte material important for development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFCs) at intermediate temperature. The investigation of proton conductivity in perovskite has started more than two decades ago. Nd doped BaCeO3 and Y doped BaZrO3 indicate good proton conducting properties under humid at elevated temperature (Azad Irvine, 2007). Meanwhile, alkaline earth zirconates has lower proton conductivity but generally, better chemical and mechanical stability corresponding cerates (Abdullah, Hasan, Osman, 2013). SOFCs enable to convert chemical fuels directly into electrical power. The using SOFC used a ceramic electrolyte requires operating at high temperature and it will put this type of SOFC very great demands on the materials and technology lead to significant challenge for further development of the SOCF. Previous report has shown that the high temperature sintering resulted in large particle aggregation and growth and also consumed cost and time. Wet chemical methods (WCMs) used was able to lower the temperature as well as synthesizing time but the impurities that needed to be avoided still exist. Thus, many researchers analyze on the using of chelating agent to hinder the impurities (Abdullah, Hasan, Osman Nordin, 2012). 2.2 Hartree-Fock Hartree-Fock (HF) is the basis of molecular orbital (MO) Theory. HF method is an approximation method for determining the energies and wave functions in quantum mechanics. Unlike Density Functional Theory (DFT), the approximation of HF theory involves only exchange functional. It often gives qualitatively correct result. It can be systematically improved the result by carried out an MP2 or MP4 calculation, for example. HF theory was developed to solve the electronic Schrodinger equation resulted from time-dependent Schrodinger equation after refer to Bohn-Oppenheimer. The energy and many other properties of the particles can be obtained by solving Schrodinger Equation for wavefunction,. The Schrodinger equation describes the wavefunction of a particle: (1) = wavefunction m = mass of particle h = Planck’s constant V = potential field in which the particle is moving In molecular system, is a function of the positions of the electrons and the nuclei within the molecule, which will be designated as and, respectively. 2.2.1 Molecular Hamiltonian The Hamiltonian is made up of kinetic and potential energy. The kinetic energy is a summation ofover all the particles in the molecular and the potential energy component is the Coulomb repulsion between each pair of charged entities. T: (2) (3) (4) whereis the distance between two particles, and ej and ek are the charges on particles j dan k. For an electron, the charge is negative, e while for the nucleus the charge is positive, Ze, where Z is the atomic number for that atom. The full Hamiltonian can be written as: (5) From Born-Oppenheimer approximation which allows two parts of the problem to be solved independently, the kinetic energy for nuclei in Hamiltonian. 2.3 Density Functional Theory Density functional theory (DFT) is a quantum mechanical method that be used in physics field and has become one of the most commonly used techniques in computational chemistry. DFT is a well-known quantum mechanical method to investigate complex many-body problems at the electronics structure level such as charge, bond length, density and energy. Various names for DFT models are named through combination of exchange and correlation functional. DFT has two functional which is traditional functional and hybrid functional. The traditional functionals consist two types correlation components which are correlation functional and gradient-corrected functional. Correlation functionals involve only the values of the electron spin densities while gradient-corrected functionals involve both the values of the electron spin densities and their gradients. For the hybrid functional, it consist the combination of Hartree-Fock exchange and DFT exchange-correlation. For B3LYP, it contains the Becke Three Parameter Hybrid Functionals that using non-local correlation provided by Lee, Yang and Parr functionals, abbreviated as B3LYP. B3LYP exchange-correlation functional is: (6) Where a0 = 0.20, aX = 0.72, and aC = 0.81, while the and are generalized gradient approximation (GGA), is the VWN local density approximation (LDA) to the correlation functional. GGA originally are called nonlocals approximations or semilocal approximations. The gradient of density is usually determined numerically. However, GGA has limited applicapability. It cannot describe rlimit of xc-energy density and the xc-potential simultaneously correctly. Eschrig (1996) said the DFT method was important in providing the interested mathematician with the physicist’s view on the logical roots of the theory and also for those who want to get deeper insight into the meaning of the results of practical calculations. In addition, from previous study, DFT method was able to justify the interaction between ligands and metal fragments in coordination compound (Chermette, 1998). 2.4 Basis Set A basis set defined as the mathematical description of the orbitals within a system used to perform the theoretical calculation. Standard basis sets for electronic structure calculations use linear combinations of Gaussian functions to create the molecular orbitals. There are few types of basis set effects such as minimal basis sets, split valence basis sets, polarized basis sets and diffuse functions basis sets. Minimal basis sets on each atom in the molecules contain minimum number of basis function and they are fixed-size atomic-type orbital. Split valence basis sets can be made larger by increase the number of basis functions of each atom. The orbital is allowed to change the size but not the shape. In contrast with polarized basis sets that allow orbital to change size and shape by adding orbitals with angular momentum beyond what is required for the ground state to the description of each atom. The molecular orbitals are fixed linear combinations from one-electron functions and known as basis functions. They are centered on the nuclei of atom and share some similarity to atomic orbitals. An individual molecular orbital is defined as: (7) The coefficients c µi are known as the molecular orbital expansion coefficients. The further explanation for the above equation can be obtained in â€Å"Exploring Chemistry with Electronic Structure Method† books. 2.6 Metal Ligand Complexes The metal chelate has its own unique properties. The same ligand with different metal chelates share similar properties. The chelating agent complexes with the metal cation, forming a three-dimensional structure that blocks the ion’s normal reactive sites and prevents it from reacting as it normally would (â€Å"Chemical Properties of Chelates,† n.d.). The chelating agents can form coordination compounds with a metal ion as it is usually contain donor atoms like nitrogen and oxygen (Leopold et al., 2008). One of the acti ve investigations of the synthesizing methods for the formation of a single- phase cerate zirconate powder is the lowering of the processing temperature. Using different chelating agent can lower the temperature processing. Different strength of chelating agent gives different interaction during the chelation process(Abdullah et al., 2013). A recent report shows that the temperature can be lowered by combining TETA and Ba2+ cation in forming the ligand-metal complexes solution. The chelating agent of TETA effectively reduces the formation of BaCO3 in final powder (Abdullah et al., 2012).

Evolution of Management Essay -- essays research papers

Over the past hundred years management has continuously been evolving. There have been a wide range of approaches in how to deal with management or better yet how to improve management functions in our ever changing environment. From as early as 1100 B.C managers have been struggling with the same issues and problems that manager’s face today. Modern managers use many of the practices, principles, and techniques developed from earlier concepts and experiences. The evolution of management though the decades can be divided into two major sections. One of the sections is the classical approach. Under the classical approach efficiency and productivity became a critical concern of the managers at the turn of the 20th century. One of the approaches from the classical time period were systematic management which placed more emphasis on internal operations because managers were concerned with meeting the growth in demand brought on by the Industrial revolution. As a result managers became more concerned with physical things than towards the people therefore systematic management failed to lead to production efficiency. This became apparent to an engineer named Frederick Taylor who was the father of Scientific Management. Scientific Management was identified by four principles for which management should develop the best way to do a job, determine the optimum work pace, train people to do the job properly, and reward successful performance by using an incentive pay system. Scientifi...

Kit Kat analysis Essay

Introduction Nestle has won, after 7 years, trademark battle against Cadbury over the four-fingered shape of the Nestle product – KitKat. Nestle is the Swiss multinational company in snack food, health-related goods industry. Nestle is the largest food company in the world by its revenue. Their products include baby food, bottle water, cereals, coffee, chocolate bars and many others. The most popular products are Nespresso, Nescafe, KitKat, Maggi and Nesquick. Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s largest competitors are Kraft Foods, Unilever and Mars incorporated. Cadbury is a British company and best known for its confectionary products. Cadbury was established as retailer of tea, coffee and drinking chocolate. The most popular products are Dairy Milk chocolate, the Crà ¨me Egg and Roses selection box. Cadbury`s main competitors are Jacobs Suchard, Nestle and Mars Incorporated. Kit Kat is one of the Nestle popular products which was invented in 18th century by Rowntree`s of York (than was acquired by Nestle). Kit Kat has unique four-fingered shape, which makes it recognizable as the product of Nestle. The following case is all about Kit Kat`s shape and weather Nestle can have a trademark on the shape (not the name – which is more common). Nestle and Cadbury were involved in a lawsuit over the four finger KitkKat`s shape. Nestle -the world’s biggest food company, has succeeded in stopping rivals from copying the shape of the four-fingered bar after a seven-year legal battle.1 Neste had registered shape of KitKat as a trademark in 2006 but Cadbury appealed against this application. In my paper I will discuss claim over trademark between Nestle and Cadbury, and the case status. This case is unusual in the way of concerns; the focus is not on the trademark name, but a trademark shape. By implying that we would not see an infringement in the case, but trademark ruling. KitKat  shape The case of KiKat, as mentioned above, is an unusual trademark wrangle between Cadbury and Nestle over shape of chocolate bar. Neste had introduced Kit Kat in 1935 and had registered KitKats shape in 2006. Cadbury applied to invalidate the registration on the basis of shape, since one company cannot monopolize shape. The office of harmonization of the Internal Market, which registers EU Community Trade Marks, allowed 3d – shape trademarks2 for sweets, bakery, biscuits, cakes and waffles in 2006, but lacked in application for chocolate, candy and confectionery. Few years later Cadbury disputed Nestle trademark to Cancellation Committee because of the mark was for a 3d-shape rather than over a name. The Cancellation Committee declared the Nestle trademark invalid. Originally, Cadbury had won its claim. Nestle had appealed and trademark regulators overturned decision after. Regulators reached new decision: as the four-fingered shape Kit Kat was exclusively associating as Nestle product. Nestle had provided evidence of using that shape for long period of time and had provided evidence of KitKat shape was exclusively associated with Nestle across the world and had gathered enough evidence to proof that Nestle had educated the public that chocolate bar with fingered shape is originated by Nestle. Case in flash In 2007 Cadbury filed a declaration of invalidity against Nestle, the request was directed against all the good covered by Nestle. Cadbury had thought that trademarking shape of the chocolate bar is a limitation of choice for consumers. In the proceedings parties submitted their observations and supporting documents. Nestle had submitted the following evidence to proof the KitKats shape was exclusively associated with them3: Overview of the worldwide sales volume, turnover and advertising cost for the 1995-2007 years; Set of documents related for a Kit Kat consumption in the United Kingdom; Promotional leaflet in which history of KitKat presented ; Compilation of the launch dates of the four fingered chocolate bar in the European Union (Uk 1937, Italy 1960, Austria 1988 and etc.); Marketing research, concerning market share; List of commercial and CD (containing examples); Nestle internal financial figures, market share, advertising expenses . Even though trademark is commonly the mark, motto or device, the shape of a product is considered trademark too, because consumers can identify the source of were the product originated. By submitting above evidence it was clear that trademark elements had been met: Kit Kat`s shape is distinctive – sufficient for consumers to identify manufacturer, suggestive – its clear for consumers that four-fingers shape is KitKat taste and even fanciful – Kit Kat had been massively invented by Nestle. Conclusion: Cadbury now has to decide whether or not it wants to appeal against the decision. The latest ruling over KitKat`s shape will prevent similar companies from producing similar bars of chocolate; it is now exclusively associated with Nestle. It was significant win for Nestle, since the four-finger shape became synonymous with its product. Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s case follows history of legal battles between the two companies. In 2012 Cadbury secured trademark rights to the purple color used on its packaging. Intellectual property office had awarded particular shade of purple to chocolate bars and drinking chocolate to Cadbury. Nowadays a lot of trademark cases are existing. Analyzing the importance of trademark, we can conclude that companies are very concerned of being exclusive and protecting its intellectual property. A lot of trademark cases exist because of technology progress, it is so much easier today to advertise online, have the market research done online, surveying the product satisfaction and etc. Since multimedia is our everyday routine, rivals can easily caught the consumer’s attention (by using already existing trademark) or converse the existing relationship with the product. References: 1. Office for Harmonization in the internal market http://www.ie-forum.nl/backoffice/uploads/file/IEForum%20OHIM%20Board%20of%20Appeal%2011%20december%202012,%20zaak%20R%20513_2011-2%20(Nestlà ©%20tegen%20Cadbury%20Holdings%20Limited).pdf 2. Cadbury thwarted over KitKat design as Nestlà © wins battle to prevent rivals copying four-fingered bar – http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2256648/Cadbury-thwarted-KitKat-desig

Understand the expected pattern

Explain the sequence and the rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 years The sequence of child development means the expected development of a child from birth to 19 years. Child development refers to the biological and psychological and emotional changes that occur within this time. As the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy.Because these developmental changes may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life, genetics and prenatal development are usually included as part of the study of child development. Related terms include developmental psychology, referring to development throughout the lifespan, and paediatrics, the branch of medicine relating to the care of children. Developmental change may occur as a result of genetically-controlled processes known as maturation, or as a result of environmental factors and learning, but most commonly involves an interaction between the two.It may also occur as a result of h uman ature and our ability to learn from our environment. Human beings have a keen sense to adapt to their surroundings and this is what child development encompasses. Each child usually develops at the same rate as another child. Age Intellectual Social / Emotional Language Gross motor Fine Motor Infant – Birth to one year Learns about things with hands and mouth Attaches to mother and father, begins to recognise faces and smile; at about 6 months begins to recognise parents and expresses fear of strangers.Plays simple interactive games like peek-a-boo Vocalises, squeals and imitates sounds, says ‘dada' and ‘mama'Lifts ead first then chest, rolls over, pulls to sit, crawls and stands alone Reaches for objects and picks up small items; grasps rattle Toddler 1-2 years Learns words for objects and people Learns that self and parent(s) are different or separate from each other, imitates and performs tasks, indicates needs or wants without crying Says some words other than ‘dada' and ‘mama', follows simple instructionsWalks well, kicks, stops and Jumps in place, throws balls Unbuttons clothes, builds tower of 4 cubes, scribbles, uses spoon, picks up very small object Presch0012-5 years

buy custom America Military essay

buy custom America Military essay America had stayed out of World War II until the Japanese killed thousands of Americans in an attack at Pearl Harbor. It was after the attack that America joined the World War II to battle it out with the Japanese and the Germans. The Japanese controlled the war until the Americans dropped two bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6th and 9th August 1945, respectively forcing the Japanese to surrender. There were a series of land, sea, and air attacks from the Japanese and the Americans before 1944, but this paper will focus on the American military attacks between January 1944 and August 11, 1945, which led the Japanese to surrender. Furthermore, it will discuss the land, sea, and air attacks between May 1944 and April 1945 that led to the defeat of the Nazi Germany. US military operations against the Japanese between January 1944 and August 11, 1945 February 29, 1944, marked the beginning of another series of attacks on the Japanese with a 1000 military officers attached to the Fifth Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division, attacked the Japanese on Los Negros (Wood, 2007). The Japanese put up a tough fight, and by March 3, 1944, most American soldiers were dead or wounded leaving Sergeant Troy A. McGill and another soldier in his squad to battle it out with the Japanese until they were both killed. The brave act won the sergeant Medal of Honor award. The next move was to attack Hollandia, and MacArthur was the man in command (Garraty, Carnes, American Council of Learned Societies, 1999). He led Adachi to believe that he planned to attack the Madang-Hansa area. On April 22 the 24th and 41st Divisions, under the command of Lieutenant General Robert Eichelberger landed and attacked Hollandia. At the same time the 163d Regimental Combat Team attacked Aitape from the sea. The US saw great opportunities in coral airstrips, which were commonly used for heavy bombings (Rottman, 2007). On May 27, MacArthur and Kenney organized the 41st Division to attack the BiakIsland. The first wave was successful, but unfortunately, series of subsequent attacks missed their targets following strong currents. The US Army intensified attacks on the island, and by mid July 1944, it had captured the airfields on the island under the command of MacArthur and Krueger. The war continued all through 1944, and in January 1945, the American soldiers moved to the shores of the Lingayen Gulf before entering Manila. Once here, they fought with the Japanese until February 24, 1945. MacArthur led the liberation of Philippines, which was announced on July 5, 1945. A series of attacks and captures followed under the guidance of Major General Roy S. Geiger, who was later killed and succeeded by General Joseph Stilwell on 22 June 1945. The US captures Ryukyus giving air forces and Allied naval strategic bases, leading to intensive air attacks and naval bombardment that led to the surrender of the Japanese in August 1945. US Military Operations against Nazi Germany between May 1944 and April 1945 The US saw England as a strategic base to set up camp in order to conquer over the Nazi Germany, so the Allied set up a base in the UK in April 1942. The Allied military conducted its first attack on Germany on June 6, 1944 dubbed as the D-Day (Sylvan, Smith, Hodges, Greenwood, 2008). The US and the British troops attacked the Normandy coast in France through intense air and naval attacks. The Germans countered the D-Day attack effectively, prompting the Allied troops, led by the Americanns, to form Operation COBRA, which attacked the Germans on July 25 at the Falaise (Henry, 2002). The Americans progressed into Paris on August 25 under the leadership of General Eisenhower, then to Lyon and Besancon. The troops later captured Belgium and Luxembourg. Operation Market Garden was planned to seize the Netherlands, but once again the Germans resisted with more force (The Military Order of the World Wars, 1995). On December 16, the Germans struck the US First Army in the Ardennes, and on December 18, Eisenhower commanded Patton's Third Army to attack Germanys southern border. This move paved way for American defenders to seize some German strongholds, which destabilized the Germans. Patton and his troops continued to attack the Germans, and by the end of January, the Nazis had lost ground. In February 1945, the Allied military marched into Germany, where the US First Army seized Cologne on March 5 and the Remagen Bridge on March 7. Through airborne attacks, the US went ahead to capture the Rhine, the Rees-Wesel-Dinslaken area, and Worms. At this point, the Germans began surrendering, and Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945. The Germans continued relinquishing their territories in May 1945, and on May 7, the German High Command relinquished all its forces unconditionally leading to the V-E Day on May 8, 1945. In conclusion, the US joined the World War II to fight the Japanese and the Germans. Despite being a sleeping giant at the time, America faced serious challenges in outdoing its enemies and at some point resulting to collaborate with the Allied military to gain victory. The US troops employed a series of land, air, and sea attacks to win over both Japan and Germany simultaneously. The US won over Germany in May 1945 and over Japan in August 1945 albeit several of its troops were either killed or injured. Buy custom America Military essay

Free Essays on Emergency 911

â€Å"8:45 a.m.: A hijacked passenger jet, American Airlines Flight 11 out of Boston, Massachusetts, crashes into the north tower of the World Trade Center, tearing a gaping hole in the building and setting it afire. 9:03 a.m.: A second hijacked airliner, United Airlines Flight 175 from Boston, crashes into the south tower of the World Trade Center and explodes. Both buildings are burning. 9:43 a.m.: American Airlines Flight 77 crashes into the Pentagon, sending up a huge plume of smoke. Evacuation begins immediately.†(CNN.com). The terrorist carefully chose these targets because they knew it would send a certain message or meaning to the American government and it’s people, as well other nations and their people. â€Å"Symbolic interactionism begins with the assumption that much of human behavior is determined not by the objective facts of a situation but by the meanings people ascribe to a situation.† (Gelles and Levine 72). In the following pages I will examin e the meanings attached to these targets and why different groups around the world reacted differently to these events. The fact that all of these flights found their origins in the continental United States was the first big message to which Americans all have assigned meaning. Traditionally terrorism has always had an overseas connation, which has provided a sense of security among many Americans. In hijacking American jets on American soil we now see how vulnerable we are, and in reality, how vulnerable we have always been. It’s very clear that our sense of security has been a false one indeed. When Americans take this to heart and understand the true and real danger it represents, it evokes great fear, and is quite paralyzing. The attackers, the â€Å"evildoers†, take great delight in Americans coming to this realization. One affect of the fear is people simply are not traveling via air routes as before, we have been robbed of our mobility, a benchmark of the American lif... Free Essays on Emergency 911 Free Essays on Emergency 911 â€Å"8:45 a.m.: A hijacked passenger jet, American Airlines Flight 11 out of Boston, Massachusetts, crashes into the north tower of the World Trade Center, tearing a gaping hole in the building and setting it afire. 9:03 a.m.: A second hijacked airliner, United Airlines Flight 175 from Boston, crashes into the south tower of the World Trade Center and explodes. Both buildings are burning. 9:43 a.m.: American Airlines Flight 77 crashes into the Pentagon, sending up a huge plume of smoke. Evacuation begins immediately.†(CNN.com). The terrorist carefully chose these targets because they knew it would send a certain message or meaning to the American government and it’s people, as well other nations and their people. â€Å"Symbolic interactionism begins with the assumption that much of human behavior is determined not by the objective facts of a situation but by the meanings people ascribe to a situation.† (Gelles and Levine 72). In the following pages I will examin e the meanings attached to these targets and why different groups around the world reacted differently to these events. The fact that all of these flights found their origins in the continental United States was the first big message to which Americans all have assigned meaning. Traditionally terrorism has always had an overseas connation, which has provided a sense of security among many Americans. In hijacking American jets on American soil we now see how vulnerable we are, and in reality, how vulnerable we have always been. It’s very clear that our sense of security has been a false one indeed. When Americans take this to heart and understand the true and real danger it represents, it evokes great fear, and is quite paralyzing. The attackers, the â€Å"evildoers†, take great delight in Americans coming to this realization. One affect of the fear is people simply are not traveling via air routes as before, we have been robbed of our mobility, a benchmark of the American lif...

How Collaborative Decision Making Transforms Schools

How Collaborative Decision Making Transforms Schools Schools should continuously be striving to improve.  Every school should have this as a central theme in their mission statement. Schools that are either stagnant or complacent are doing the students and communities that they serve a major disservice. If you are not progressing, you will ultimately fall behind and fail. Education, in general, is very progressive and trendy, sometimes to a fault, but you must always be seeking out something bigger and better. School leaders who regularly include their constituents in the decision-making process find it advantageous in many different ways. They understand that involving stakeholders in the decision-making process can ultimately transform a school. Progressive transformation is continuous and ongoing. It must become a mindset and regular way of making decisions to maximize effectiveness.  School leaders must actively invest in the opinions of others, understanding that they do not have all the answers themselves. Varying Perspectives One of the most beneficial aspects of bringing different people to the discussion is that you get several different perspectives or points of view.  Every stakeholder is going to have a distinctly different point of view based on their individual affiliation with the school. It is important that school leaders bring together a varying range of constituents with their hands in different parts of the cookie jar so that perspective is maximized. This is naturally beneficial as someone else may see a potential road block or benefit that someone else may not have thought of. Having multiple perspectives can only boost any decision-making effort and lead to healthy discussions that morph into growth and improvement.  Ã‚   Better Buy In When decisions are made through a process that is genuinely inclusive and transparent people tend to buy in and support those decisions even when they are not directly involved.  There will likely be some that still disagree with the decisions, but they typically respect them because they understand the process and know that the decision was not made lightly or by a single person. Buy in is extremely important for a school because of all the moving parts. A school operates more efficiently when all the parts on the same page. This often translates to success which benefits everyone. Less Resistance Resistance is not necessarily a bad thing and offers some benefits. However, it can also totally destroy a school if it morphs into a resistance movement.  By bringing varying perspectives to the table, you naturally negate much of the resistance. This is especially true when collaborative decision making becomes the norm and part of the expected culture of the school. People will trust a decision-making process that is inclusive, transparent, and holistic in nature. Resistance can be annoying, and it can definitely impede improvement referendum. As stated before this is not always a bad thing as some resistance minimally serves as a natural system of checks and balances. Not Top Heavy School leaders are ultimately responsible for their school’s successes and failures.  When they make critical decisions by themselves, they shoulder 100% of the blame when things run amiss. Furthermore, many people question top heavy decision making and never fully buy in. Any time a single person makes a key decision without consulting others they are setting themselves up for ridicule and eventual failure. Even if that decision is the correct and best choice, it serves school leaders well to consult with others and seek their advice before the final say. When school leaders make too many individual decisions they eventually distance themselves from other stakeholders which is unhealthy at best. Holistic, Inclusive Decisions Collaborative decisions are typically well thought out, inclusive, and holistic. When a representative from each stakeholder group is brought to the table, it gives validity to the decision. For example, parents feel they have a voice in a decision because there were other parents representing them in the decision-making group.  This is especially true when those on a collaborative decision-making committee go out into the community and seek further feedback from like stakeholders. Furthermore, these decisions are holistic in nature meaning that research has been done, and both sides have been carefully examined.   Better Decisions Collaborative decisions often lead to better decision making. When a group comes together with a common goal, they are able to explore all the options more in-depth.  They can take their time, bounce ideas off one another, research the pros and cons of each option thoroughly, and ultimately make a decision that will produce the greatest outcomes with the least resistance.  Better decisions yield better results. In a school environment, this is extremely important. A top priority for every school is to maximize student potential. You do this in part by making the correct, calculated decisions time and time again.   Shared Responsibility One of the greatest aspects of collaborative decision making is that no single person can take the credit or the blame. The final decision lies with the majority on the committee. Though a school leader will likely take the lead in the process, the decision is not solely theirs. This also ensures that they are not doing all of the work. Instead, each member of the committee plays a critical role in the process that often extends beyond simple decision making into implementation and follow through.  Shared responsibility helps reduce the pressure of making a big decision. Those on the committee provide a natural support system because they truly understand the commitment and dedication to making the correct decisions.

The Effects of Social Media in Todays Society Research Paper

The Effects of Social Media in Todays Society - Research Paper Example It has been observed that social networking sites like Facebook and Orkut leads to time wastage but its benefits cannot be completely ignored. This research paper aims to measure the positive and negative effects of social media on society. Social media is accessible to anyone who has a simple internet connection at home, office or anywhere to his or her entourage. It is reachable to people from all walks of life, from students to business professionals. Websites like MySpace and Bebo helps to connect friends and family by bringing them under a single platform. Similarly, social networking sites like eBay brings buyers and sellers to exchange commodities between them. In short, social media brings B2B (business to business), B2C (business to consumers) and C2C (consumers to consumers) to interact; share information or files and trade all under a single platform (Hendricks, 2012). Social media influences our life and daily routine in great many ways depending how we utilize these networking tools. Time is of essence and this is what it helps to save. People find it much easier to go online and read articles and electronic books rather than newspapers or books that are physical in nature. In this fast moving world, people have adopted to the technological development made especially in the last decade. There has been a huge decline in book readings as people have turned to social media to meet their reading needs. Social media is changing the social habit of people. Though eBooks saves time, they cause massive exertion and fatigue (Coupland, 2012, p. 103). People find it much easier to shop online than to physically go to shops and malls to make purchases. Social media is changing the way people shop nowadays. Products can be ordered with just a single click and can be delivered right at the doorsteps. Such facilities have made life very convenient for people. However there are major drawbacks of shopping online. People

The United States Department of Defense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The United States Department of Defense - Essay Example The United States Department of Defense An overview of the United States invasion in Iraq by the Bush administration can help one to gain an insight of why the contemporary US military needs to embrace the draft. While the US had earlier occupied numerous foreign lands—Germany, Japan, and on a lower scale in Kosovo among others—and helped to build relatively stable democratic governments in those countries, it failed to demonstrate this in the Iraq case. The military approach employed by the Bush administration saw the first democratically elected government of Iraq inherit a country widespread with assassinations, and kidnapping among other social ills. This is attributable to a miscalculation that saw the Bush admiration invade Iraq with a few troops. Further, the military of the day was sharply objected to the idea of sending more troops in Iraq when the country crumbled into a violent turmoil after the fall of Saddam. A school of thought in the military circles conceived all these ills that a transformed US military can be effective in a war with a minimal number of ground troops. True, the modern American military can manage to win a stunning battlefield. Nevertheless, such an instantiations force is not sufficient to secure peace—a critical aspect of the outcome of a war. Clearly, the modern all-volunteer American military could not have sustained the demand of the number of forces required in Iraq and continue deterring the American nation from threats elsewhere in the world. Adding the number of standing soldiers in the army may not have been a solution either. It is in view of this that the military draft should be adopted (MillitarySpot, Para 3). The underlying argument is that United States does not require a bigger standing army but rather a deep bench of well-trained soldiers who can be mobilized from their reserves to address the unpredictable but inescapable wars and other necessary humanitarian interventions of the future. The adoption of the military draft could go a long way in ensuring that the limitations of a surge in capacity of the al l-volunteer force do not hold the American society at a standstill when such a need arises. Indeed, history is clear that the American society has turned to the draft from time to time to offer an effective solution to the persistent issue of humanity crisis. While ideally it should not come in the shape of World War II mass combat mobilization or the Vietnam’s discriminatory conscription—because war advances as the nature of threats change—there is no doubt that a modern model of a draft is much-needed (Hod 9). Another argument in support of the military draft is evident from a look at the US military involvement in the past two decades. In these two decades, US has found it critical, in view of national security issues, to deploy over half a million military personnel oversees. Each at a time,

Expressionism in Art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Expressionism in Art - Assignment Example The paper "Expressionism in Art" gives a detailed information about expressionism art. The primary objective of the expressionist style was to registerthe subjective responses that the artists harbored in context of events or objects. Expressionism never intended to project a realistic and true to life picture of the objects as they existed. It always had more to do with the delicate world of feelings and emotions then to attempt a literal interpretation of the real worldly forms and events. Expressionism relied for its strength and potency on the subtle sensitivity of an artist. Vivid colors, two dimensional subjects lacking a depth or perspectives and distortions turned out to be the hallmarks of the expressionist art. The goal of the expressionist art was to capture potent, extreme and distorted emotions that originated in an artist’s sensitive mind as it come in contact with the varied events and forms in the real world. The quintessential premise, on which expressionism w as based, was the belief that an artist’s response to the real world objects and events happened to be so intense that it left an indelible mark on the form of art. In expressionist art, the artist enjoyed a sense of freedom to exaggerate or distort the surface elements in consonance with the subjective pressures being experienced by the artist. Expressionism not only allowed an artist to express oneself, but also aspired to generate an emotional response in the viewers. Expressionist art happened to be a reflection of its times.

Computer Sciences and Information Technology. User Experience Essay

Computer Sciences and Information Technology. User Experience - Essay Example In this regards, the paper contains description and purpose of website development, the intended audience of the website along with weaknesses and strengths of the website in respect of their usage by diverse users. Some users may not agree that this website is easy to use and users have difficult experiences with its interface, this study looks at every element of interaction and usability factors (Cornell University Library, 2012). In order to get information regarding their experiences of using the website, the users are given a website usability form to be filled so that the website of the Phone4u can be evaluated. The paper presents the recommendations to the company for improving several aspects of the website to reach the targeted audience, trust development on the visitors and customers, moreover, guidance to increase the web traffic (Dumas, 2008, p37). The usability test is one of the essential steps in the evaluation of the user’s likeness and dislike-ness while usin g the Phone4u’s website. This will require acquisition of user opinions and to present analysis of the information to guide the decision on the areas of improvement. Since most of the features are observable qualitative attributes, this study will have to convert them into quantitative variables for ease of data analysis. 1.2. Background In the evaluation of the website, the focus is how to improve the usability by adding features that are more relevant and functional keeping in view the targeted audience of the website. This can be done by evaluating the website and improving the weaknesses indicating by the analysis. The amendments to the website of the Phone4u should be made as per the recommendations of the users (Valacich, Joey & Hoffer, 2009, p67). At the same time, it is important to consider the fact that some users do not welcome changes so easily and may prefer to remain in the previous version of the website rather than the new one with improved features (Kendall & Kendall 2011, p58). The evaluation will lead to the decision making for the new version of the website based on the information from user response. The statistics will be gathered as comments from various participants. The participants’ views reflect the present trend and the actual real world events that are of interest to this website. The study uses the structure of information flow as shown in the figure below, with the system the user and the feedback mechanism. Figure 1: Information Flow between System, Users and Feedback mechanism 1.3. Study Problem/Question This study seeks to answer one (1) major question having various sub parts. The first question is â€Å"Whether the website of the Phones4u is easy to use for the targeted audience of the website?† In order to have the answer of the first question of this study, the users have to answer the various questions as described by the Jokab Neilsen. The sub questions (parts) include: â€Å"the visibility of the s ystem, Match between system and the real world, User control and freedom, Consistency and standards, Error prevention, Recognition rather than recall, Flexibility and efficiency of use, Aesthetic and minimalist design, Help users recognize, Help and documentation, diagnose and recover from errors. Basically, these are the guidelines provided by the Jakob Neilson for evaluating the usability of the website† (Selvaraj, 2011). All these questions will be answered by the selected participants. 2. Aims The aim of this study is to explore the usability issues in the

Contemporary Issues in Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Issues in Finance - Essay Example This paper is a brief article about the financial crisis which was being identified by the end of 2007 till the beginning of 2008. It was due to the ill-effects of the crisis that regulatory reforms were taken by US, UK and EU regions. This paper will thereby focus on the regulatory reforms adopted by these nations in the milieu of the 2008 financial crisis. Regulatory Framework of US Financial crisis is often termed as an unknown disturbance which leads to erosion of the total financial market of a country or a nation. By the end of 2007, with the identification of the financial crisis, US and other globalised economies become highly concerned about their survival as a global power. Most businesses ruined and were forecasted to lose approximately $ 2.7 trillion in this crisis (Rude, 2008). As a result, unemployment was at its highest stage. With this concern, the US government concentrated on keeping the banks and most significant businesses alive to overcome the unwanted danger. Th e crisis acted promptly drafting many important pieces of legislation or necessary changes and charting the post-crisis financial regulatory framework. But it was not an easy task; it comprised of numerous hurdles within it. The fundamental role in reforming the financial policies in the US was played by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and Financial Stability Board (FSB). They developed a DFA (Dodd-Frank Act), which is a framework of reforms to prevent the consequences arising due to such turmoil (Rude, 2008). The vital elements in reformation of US economy relates to the steps taken to develop a financially stable future as well as resizing of the international financial system, so that the need of the economy can be better served (Rude, 2008). It is worth mentioning that the decline of capital regulation in US was not only due to the ad hoc financial events but was also due to a direct consequence of ineffective design and substance of regulatory capital initiates. T he detailed structure could not prevent the large financial institutions from failing. Apart from this, the unskilled leverage ratio turned out to be the most important constraint which ultimately proved beneficial (Rude, 2008). Requirement of capital was the most prevailing area of concern against bank failures after the crisis. Furthermore, the resolution procedures, another regulatory reform which was considered as a better process other than bankruptcy to deal with the problems of insolvency of financial institutions. This states that the framework of banks needed to be extended to other financial institutions in order to safeguard the large institutions in the financial services market. After the crisis, there was bail-out of many institutions due their inability to bear the failure of cross-border banks (Rude, 2008). This led to other regulatory reforms in the aftermath of the crisis, which resulted in dramatically increase of capital and liquidity buffers of the bank. The ref orms enforced after the crisis mainly focuses on two perspectives, i.e. market-restricting approach and market-harnessing approach. The market-restricting approach mainly concentrates on deflating the commercial institutions along with the intention to limit the size of these institutions and reduce the investments in the market. On the other

Deaf culture. This paper contains answers for three questions about Assignment

Deaf culture. This paper contains answers for three questions about Deaf Again Book - Assignment Example Moreover, he does not need to speak openly or wear a hearing aid because they could easily communicate, because they were also Deaf. They understand that sign language is an optimum way to communicate with him; therefore, he does not struggle when he communicates with them. As for his hearing grandparents, the experience is opposite as he has to read their lips, speak plainly, wear a hearing aid, and act as a hearing individual; a process that is quite challenging for him. The second difference was their perspective toward deafness. His Deaf grandparents view deafness as a cultural difference between them and hearing individuals. They were very proud of being Deaf. They do not consider themselves as a disabled or consider deafness as something that needs fixing. On the other hand, his hearing grandparents were viewing deafness as a disability and something that needs to be fixed. Therefore, they reject the use of sign language and encourage him to use speech in his communication. In addition, they often felt sorry for him; as they try to improve his speaking skills. The last difference was the Dinner Table Syndrome. Anytime her visits his Deaf grandparents, he does not feel the isolated and enjoys sharing stories, joking, and all kinds of conversation with them via sign language. In contrast, when he visits his hearing grandparents, he feels left out at the dinner table, because he cannot participate freely as the talk, share their stories, and joke through spoken language. The author indicates that there is a critical period for language acquisition for Deaf children; which is usually during the first five years of age. He pointed out that the Deaf parents must focus on sign language accessibility during this period of the Deaf child’s life by allowing their child to interact with his/her Deaf peers and involve in Deaf community activities. He explained that early exposure to sign language during

Contemporary Issues in Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Issues in Finance - Essay Example This paper is a brief article about the financial crisis which was being identified by the end of 2007 till the beginning of 2008. It was due to the ill-effects of the crisis that regulatory reforms were taken by US, UK and EU regions. This paper will thereby focus on the regulatory reforms adopted by these nations in the milieu of the 2008 financial crisis. Regulatory Framework of US Financial crisis is often termed as an unknown disturbance which leads to erosion of the total financial market of a country or a nation. By the end of 2007, with the identification of the financial crisis, US and other globalised economies become highly concerned about their survival as a global power. Most businesses ruined and were forecasted to lose approximately $ 2.7 trillion in this crisis (Rude, 2008). As a result, unemployment was at its highest stage. With this concern, the US government concentrated on keeping the banks and most significant businesses alive to overcome the unwanted danger. Th e crisis acted promptly drafting many important pieces of legislation or necessary changes and charting the post-crisis financial regulatory framework. But it was not an easy task; it comprised of numerous hurdles within it. The fundamental role in reforming the financial policies in the US was played by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and Financial Stability Board (FSB). They developed a DFA (Dodd-Frank Act), which is a framework of reforms to prevent the consequences arising due to such turmoil (Rude, 2008). The vital elements in reformation of US economy relates to the steps taken to develop a financially stable future as well as resizing of the international financial system, so that the need of the economy can be better served (Rude, 2008). It is worth mentioning that the decline of capital regulation in US was not only due to the ad hoc financial events but was also due to a direct consequence of ineffective design and substance of regulatory capital initiates. T he detailed structure could not prevent the large financial institutions from failing. Apart from this, the unskilled leverage ratio turned out to be the most important constraint which ultimately proved beneficial (Rude, 2008). Requirement of capital was the most prevailing area of concern against bank failures after the crisis. Furthermore, the resolution procedures, another regulatory reform which was considered as a better process other than bankruptcy to deal with the problems of insolvency of financial institutions. This states that the framework of banks needed to be extended to other financial institutions in order to safeguard the large institutions in the financial services market. After the crisis, there was bail-out of many institutions due their inability to bear the failure of cross-border banks (Rude, 2008). This led to other regulatory reforms in the aftermath of the crisis, which resulted in dramatically increase of capital and liquidity buffers of the bank. The ref orms enforced after the crisis mainly focuses on two perspectives, i.e. market-restricting approach and market-harnessing approach. The market-restricting approach mainly concentrates on deflating the commercial institutions along with the intention to limit the size of these institutions and reduce the investments in the market. On the other

Transformation Of American Psyche Through Bush Essay Example for Free

Transformation Of American Psyche Through Bush Essay Very few leaders today cause as many strong feelings as President Bush.   It seems that in his years leading the United States, people either view his leadership with reverence or repulsion, but very few view him with indifference.   In a December 2006 Associated Poll, Americans showed how divisive the president’s leadership is by not only voting him the hero of the year, but also its top villain. Political division is seen as a major cause of the contradiction, as Bush was the choice of 43 percent of Democrats for villain, and 27 percent of Republicans for hero, but 25 percent of all people chose Bush, the leader of the free world, as the top villain over both Osama Bin Laden and Saddam Hussein (â€Å"‘Hero and Villain’: President Bush Sweeps AP Poll†).    The divisiveness he causes in the country, as well as the unilateral action he takes in foreign policy, which has squandered all of the international sympathy towards the United States after 9-11, are some of his biggest shortcomings, though only a few of many.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cited by supporters and critics alike is the president’s refusal to bend on certain issues, including his religious beliefs that have continuously blurred the line between church and state.   According to former mayor of New York City, Ed Koch, â€Å"He sticks with his beliefs, no matter how intense the criticism and invective that are directed against him every day† (Koch).   While Christian conservatives support him, his personal beliefs have seriously held up scientific discoveries in the way of stem cell research by refusing to support federal funding; he has denied social advancements to gays wishing for equal rights to marry; he has spearheaded a renewed campaign to take away women’s right to choose; he has also been instrumental in creating a new paranoia over immigration, despite being the president of a country made of immigrants; and, the gap between the rich and the poor continues to grow, as the country finds itself poised on the brink of recession.   But, his greatest shortcomings are concerning the war on terror, which needlessly expanded, and his flippant abuse of federal power concerning the privacy of U.S. citizens.   For a president that uses the word â€Å"freedom† so frequently, he has done more than most presidents to take it away from his fellow countrymen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bush’s accomplishments are more difficult to ascertain.   The country has not had a significant terrorist attack on U.S. soil, which could be attributed to U.S. soldiers in the Middle East becoming the new terrorist targets.   The prescription drug benefit has also benefited some senior citizens, but health care reform still needs to take place.    While it would be nice to be able to list the accomplishments of President Bush, his presidency has largely been marked by war, with one necessary and one misleading. He has divided the country and relied only on his religious faith to curry favor with his base, and his performance in office is best reflected by his record low approval ratings, his fellow party members abandoning him, and the country’s fervent desire to elect a new leader that will be the complete opposite of him and usher in a new era of unity, honesty, and true freedom. The American public has loudly started to voice its opposition to the protracted war in Iraq, as recent polls and presidential approval ratings show that the public is increasingly upset with the direction the war has taken, even though support for the troops continues to remain high.   As it stands, opposition to the war also continues to grow and the polarization that marked the early days of the war is diminishing, as citizens, politicians, members of the armed forces, and even those in the Bush administration are realizing the errant decisions that led to and sustained the war have cost far too muchin billions of taxpayers’ dollars, international economic and political status, and most importantly the lives of tens thousands of Americans and many more Iraqis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Few issues have polarized the political community and general population in the United States as the sustained war in Iraq.   While most of the country agreed that invading Afghanistan was necessary to combat terrorism, the decision to invade Iraq was met with mixed feelings at best.   At the time, the Bush administration used everything in its power to convince the American public and the world of the righteousness in attacking Iraq. The many reasons, with varying degrees of honesty and accuracy, ranged from the threat of weapons of mass destruction to Iraq’s participation in terrorism to the plain fact that Saddam Hussein was a bad man.   Unfortunately, many Americans who would normally be in the middle of the road on such issues were blinded by the administration’s continued propaganda about having to support a president during wartime, regardless of the terrible decisions or unexplained actions he takes, and many also believed that Iraq was involved in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.    A Washington Post poll of 1,003 adults taken in August of 2003 found that nearly 70% of Americans polled believed that Saddam Hussein was personally involved in Al Qeada’s attacks on the United States; a Time/CNN poll conducted around the same time found Americans more closely split on whether the military action in Iraq was worth the price in America lives, taxpayer dollars and other costs — 49% said yes, 43% no and 8% were unsure (â€Å"Poll: 70% Believe Saddam, 9-11 Link†).   With its aims justified in the eyes of the misinformed American public, in March of 2003 the Bush administration got its wish to expand the war in the Middle East to include Iraq. This initial invasion was a showcase for the massive military industrial complex that provided scores of new technological advances in recent years designed to maximize death.   Memorable images from the invasion include the â€Å"shock and awe† campaign of large bombs and missiles tearing up Baghdad, the famous toppling of the Saddam Hussein statue by Iraqi civilians, and President George Bush landing in a fighter jet upon an aircraft carrier, only to give a speech in front of a large banner that read â€Å"Mission Accomplished!† The tragically comedic irony of that banner can only be understood in hindsight, and only by those fortunate enough not to have been in Iraq.   Over four years later, the mission has not been accomplished, unless the mission was to create the highest possible revenues for international oil companies at the expense of young American lives. Additionally, the Bush administration’s decision to invade Iraq eroded much of the international good will created by the September 11 attacks.   Many countries that supported the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan see the invasion of Iraq as unnecessary and nothing more than the act of a bully, the world’s lone superpower.   However, most Americans chose to dismiss the loud opinions of the international community as being shortsighted and not relatable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The economic impact of the war in Iraq is felt by all Americans each time they pump gas.   In the four years since the U.S. invaded Iraq, Iraqi oilfields and associated infrastructure have sustained 400 attacks, and oil production in the country has fallen from 1.95 barrels per day during the first quarter of 2007, short of the U.S. goal of 2.5 million barrels per day and the previous mark of 3.7 million under Saddam Hussein (Miller). It is also highly reported in the media and amongst citizens that companies like Haliburton, associated with Vice President Dick Cheney, have benefited immensely from the reconstruction contracts in Iraq, leading many to believe that the war is solely for oil.   The fact that oil companies are now making record profits seem to reinforce these ideas. But, another consequence of U.S. action in Iraq is that the dollar is losing its international value.   The dollar has weakened against the euro, gold, copper, and other assets, and when Bush came in to office, a dollar equated to .987 euros while now it is at .75 (Miller).   While oil gets more expensive, the dollar weakens, in large part due America’s overwhelming dependence on it and the massive expenditures of oil, resources, and money on the war in Iraq.   The business side of the war in Iraq seems to have little benefit for common Americans, who are really the ones paying the most for it in terms of dollars. Works Cited: â€Å"‘Hero and Villain’: President Bush Sweeps AP Poll.† Editor Publisher. 28 Dec 2006. 9 Jul http://www.mediainfo.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id= 1003525882. Koch, Ed. George Bush is my hero. The Jerusalem Post. 31 Dec 2006. 9 Jul 2008. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFullcid=1167467631671. Miller, Ken. â€Å"Wall Street, Iraq and the Declining Dollar.† The Nation. 12 Jun 2007. 9 Jul http://www.thenation.com/doc/20070625/miller. â€Å"Poll: 70% Believe Saddam, 9-11 Link.† USA Today. 6 Sep 2003. 9 Jul 2008. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003-09-06-poll-iraq_x.htm.

Importance of individual differences in understanding behaviour

Importance of individual differences in understanding behaviour If you go into any job no matter where you are in the world you will come across a multitude of different personalities and behaviours. An individuals personality doesnt just affect the individual, but everyone around them. Organizations consist of people who work together. Differences between individuals based on personality traits, may be an incentive for the development of creativity and a source of conflicts and other problems existing in the organization. Managers need to be able to measure personalities in order to make useful hiring decisions and they can do this by giving personality test and evaluating the results. This essay will cover information about the individual differences and behaviour at work. Also will give examples of method of measure of personalities and theories. Main Body The word personality derives from the Latin persona, meaning mask ( J.Maltby, L.Day and A.Macaskill, 2007). Psychological definition of personality, define personality in terms of characteristics, or the qualities typical of that individual (J.Maltby, L.Day and A.Macaskill, 2007). Psychologists are interested in what people are like, why they behave as they do and how they became that way.à Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã‹â€ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ à Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã‚ µ There two main attributes of the individual differences: ability and personality (C.Cooper, 2002). Ability is one of the traits that distinguish one person from another. There are found in the speed, depth and strength of mastery of methods and techniques of some activities and are internal mental regulators (C.Cooper, 2002). Personality stable system of philosophical, psychological and behavioural symptoms, personal feelings, thinks, behaves, that characterize the person (C.Cooper, 2002). According to information above, people differ from each other is obvious. Each person is different from any other their individual psychological peculiarity. The identity of each person is endowed with a combination of traits and characteristics that form the personality a combination of psychological characteristics of people that make up its identity, its difference from other people. Individuality manifested in the character traits, temperament, habits, the prevailing interest, as cognitive processes, abilities, individual style of activity. Studying individual differences is especially important ability for leaders and managers, enabling them to understand and relate well to others as well as understand themselves. It helps effectively promote functions and well-being among employees, because how employees will participate at work will depend on the production, reputation, quality of company or organization where person is working. There are so many different tests which can help to predict or describe personality. For example, there are two popular methods ( J.Maltby, L.Day and A.Macaskill, 2007), which managers can use to help them to determine which type of individual they want to bring to the organization or how to effectively manage the people. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and The Big Five Personality Model, they used to measure personalities. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator is the most widely used in the world. MBTI is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. Individuals are given a 100 question personality test that asks them how they would react in certain situations. Based on the results from the test they are rated as an introvert or an extrovert, intuitive or sensing, feeling or thinking, and perceiving or judging person. Management would rate a quiet or shy person as an introvert and a person that is outgoing, assertive and sociable as an extrovert personality. And intuitive person often looks at the big picture and a sensing person has attention to detail and often likes routine and order. A feeling type of person relies on emotion and values and a thinking person uses simple reason to handle situations. A perceiving individual would be able to handle flexibility and be spontaneous, and a judging individual likes control and ofte n prefers things to be structured. The Big Five method is a research method in which it has five basic dimensions that measure human personality. Personality is an important determinant of how a person thinks, feels, and behaves; it is helpful to distinguish between different types of personality. This method uses five factors which are extraversion a person that is positive emotional and feel good and world around one, neuroticism a person that is negative emotional and view the world around negatively, agreeableness which is a person that is tendency to get along well with others, conscientiousness is a person who is responsible and organized, careful persevering, a person that has openness to experience is creative, original, has broad interest and sensitive. Depending on what the individual scores it will determine which type of personality that they have (S. Wood, M. West, 2010). If the psychological test was carefully chosen it can help organisation or practically manager to do their work easily. General personality measures may well produce some important information about candidates; however, without clear ideas about what to look for, based on a detailed job analysis and other sources (The Psychology of Personel Selection). Each person is unique and has different types of personality that may be suited to different kinds of organizational situations. Characterize human it is not enough to know his temperament and style of the nervous system. Even with a very good knowledge of someones cognitive ability and personality it would impossible, because most of factors depend on situations (The Psychology of Personel Selection). For this reason, it is not enough to spend a few tests to know as individual difference. Good manager should understand and learn how to deal with people and find right way to manage them (à Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ OB) . Dispositional factors play a considerable role in our everyday life and there seems no reason to expect that they will not have some effects on work performance Teamwork has become an important part of the working culture and many businesses now look at teamwork skills when evaluating a person for employment. Therefore, it is important that students learn to function in a team environment so that they will have teamwork skill when they enter the workforce. As I dont have any work experience I want to discuss the individual differences according to my team working experience. Starting from, that I actually dont like working in group, because you depend on your group mates, you cannot work at yourself, all time you have to common concept. On other side, there are some positive sides of working together, you can find new friends and some time just make conversation with new people. In my experience I have a lot of team projects, some of them I was enjoyed, some of them were absolutely terrible, because group working is not easy as it looks in reality, you working not with friends or people with whom you prefer to work, but with people who was selected by someone, in my example it was undergraduate office. In group team all people have different inelegance, different character, some of them hardworking, some lazy. According to my group work experience, it easy to say that in this world everything is not as easy as it look like, because sometime you have to do work which you dont like but unfortunately you have to do it. First of all, in my group work were four people including me, all of us were different nationality. In our group were conflicts, difference of opinions, discrepancies, we make decisions, sometimes not quite correct, but we did them together, so its fault belong not to one person, its belong to whole group, because decisions in group make together, because the group is one and decisions should taken collectively. It was difficult to arrange time of our meeting because everyone has different time table But when we were learn about each as some information, it was easier to work In our project most of us participate, but we had one girl, she actually didnt attend most of our meetings, we e-mail to her, called, but she didnt replay on. So we had discussion in our group and decided that we going to gave her that 10% of final work. In fact it was really useful decision, because at the final presentation she was so active, tried to participate in all decision. But our group decided that her it going to be useful lesson for future. As well as, in our group was one person, who was responsible for finance, he was really intsiastics he all time In the conclusion, Importance Of Individual Differences In Understanding Behaviour Importance Of Individual Differences In Understanding Behaviour With globalisation becoming increasingly important, the corporate world is attracting a more diverse workforce and hence an increase in individual differences. An organisation is made up of people and individual differences are a key aspect in any organisation as each and every person brings along their own personal and unique differences. Much of psychology involves finding rules that describe how people behave in general. (Cooper, 2002) Understanding and triggering the best out of the individual differences is crucial for organisations to keep a competitive edge in todays fierce business environment. However managing individual differences is a complex issue as it relates to a number of human factors such as differences in attitudes, values, perceptions of the situation and self. There are diverse roles and research to support the findings of individual differences. However, for the purpose of this assignment I shall focus on how people respond differently to particular motivation interventions. Secondly this essay will also aim at examining individual differences in regards to how motivation affects performance. Studies have shown that motivation is a key influencer in job performance for individuals within their organisation. According to Stevens (2005) motivation is central to most human activities because it governs the choice of behaviour and attitudes. Motivation at work is complex because it relates to a number of interrelated human factors and organisational factors such as individual difference in work competence and organisational procedures, reward systems and communication framework. The higher motivation one has for the job, the more probable they will be to put more effort and work more efficiently. There are various ways that organisations adopt when ensuring that their employees are constantly motivated in their job. A decrease in motivation not only affects the employee and their productivity but the organisation as a whole, as the products will not be produced to the highest quality possible. The various ways that certain methods can be implemented in organisations to increa se the motivation are; increase in wages, bonuses, increase in holidays, days out, etc. However with reference to Taylors theory of motivation, Taylor claimed that money was what the worker wanted most (Locke, 1982). This cannot be proven to be a completely correct, with the research and evidence from individual differences, this contradicts what Taylor claims. Each individual has their own preferences and therefore not will be motivated in different ways Motivation enables one to have a different outlook on their performance of any sort, they will feel a different emotion when completing a task. A number of theories have been proposed to explain the impact of motivation on attitudes towards work and job performance. Reinforcement theory demonstrates that any behaviour that is rewarded would be repeated. This is known as positive reinforcement. An example of this in the workplace could be any monetary or non monetary reward, praise, approval, promotion or access to decision making process. However, it is necessary to consider the balance of the value of rewards to avoid potentially risky behaviour. For example, an individual will be motivated to achieve the greatest reward thus deliberate omission of complying with risk management practices. According to Skinner (1938) managers giving praise to others for working to minimise risk act as a strong motivator to comply with risk management practice and encourage involvement and responsibility. Moreover Social Learning theory contends that an individual are motivated not only by reward and punishment but by observing others receiv ing rewards and punishment. Individuals are motivated to imitate the behaviour of others if they observe they are being rewarded for their behaviour. Hence, managers can lead by example to gear the individual differences into the desired behaviour. However, given that each and every individual is unique, the managers must ensure not to promote discrimination while leading through example. Goal theory shows that people are money through reward systems and involvement in goal setting. Locke (1968) argues that employees are motivated to achieve specifically stated goals which are perceived as personally achievable. Hence understanding the individual differences is vital to help the organisation set Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timely (SMART) goals to create a win-win situation. There are diverse motivation methods in which todays organisations use. There is a growing concern that more and more employees tend to increase the number of turnover within a company thus In order to keep the turnover low, managers need to find new innovative ways to keep individuals within the organisation motivated. The reality is that we can only hypothesise that people are motivated by some particular thing by looking at their behaviour and seeing if there is anything different when the particular thing is involved. (Weightman, 1999). This theory helps to reinforce the fact that understanding motivation of individuals is key in a work environment, this can help determine and predict an individuals performance within the job role. 2. In the war for talent, managers have to keep an even closer eye on staff morale and motivation. (Personnel Today, January 2001) Individual differences are seen all around; in the way each of us reacts to certain situations is a perfect example of differences. There are many diverse ways in which personality can be measured at work. Conversely to measure ones personality can be hard to define. The Big Five Model is a well known technique which explains how different personality traits link together. The Big Five Model has five diverse stages which help to identify the personalities of people, these are; Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness/ Intellect. Extraversion- this goes more into depth about how comfortable one feels around others, and also takes into consideration how sociable and outgoing a person is versus a quiet and reserved person. The more a person is sociable and outgoing, and a person who seeks out status, the more extrovert we say a person is. Agreeableness- This measures the extent to which a person is warm and trusting and open to others, versus someone who is less open and unfriendly. This can also show how a quickly a person can adapt being put in diverse situations and how friendly and welcoming they are to meeting new people. Conscientiousness- This shows the extent to how a person is organised and dependable, versus a person who is unorganised and impulsive. This will show how a person thinks and their feeling towards how they carry out certain tasks. Emotional Stability- This shows the extent of how a person is calm and stable versus a person who is more neurotic and nervous. When placed in certain situations we all experience various feelings and this can help show ones first instinct and how they adapt when placed in certain situations. Openness/ Intellect- This shows the extent to which a person is imaginative and innovative with regards to their ideas and openness to new and diverse experiences versus a narrow-minded and unimaginative individual. To fully understand the various personalities of individuals we need to know and understand all of the five different factors within the big five model. Only then will we be able to understand which category one fits into and thus can determine the way in which they are likely to react when placed in certain situations. Creating a great place to work meant developing an environment where self-motivation could take root and flourish. (Personnel Today, January 2001) When it comes to motivation within peoples careers or jobs, then employees do not want to feel that they need many incentives of motivation in order to be productive, self-motivation from within can also generate high efficiency from an individual and higher overall productivity. The pleasure of being to complete something and wanting to do well and succeed is a perfect example of self-motivation. The want or need to complete something successfully from start to finish and obtain a feeling of satisfaction, is a perfect exam ple of self-motivation at its best. LOOK IN BOOK AND ADD THE DIAGRAM AND TALK ABOUT THE MOTIVATORS FROM BOOK, AND LINK IN WITH INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. Reflective Report-From a personality report created from questionnaires which I filled out with regards to my personality. There were several questions which responded to thirteen different categories of characteristics these are; Sociability, Leadership, Optimism, Cooperation, Compassion, Sensitivity, Stability, Calmness, Order, Industry, Intellect, Culture, and Achievement. Each of these characteristics helps determine an individuals personal traits and behaviour. Both I and a peer completed the questionnaire which would help to outline individual differences in action, and show whether the way I perceive myself would be the same as the way in which my peer perceived my characteristics to be. The results in some cases show that the way in which I have seen myself, can in many cases be completely different or sometimes similar to the way in which others perceive myself. Relevant research helps to support the individual differences theory and helps one to understand how they are perceived by others and the difference in how a person might perceive them to be. Whether introvert or extrovert, all of these traits and personalities are what makes us different, and the way in which we see ourselves on a day-to-day basis can be seen completely different by someone who sees us on a day-to-day basis. Another example of how personality theories have supported certain situations that I have been placed under is doing group assignments at University. I was placed within a group of individuals that I had never previously met. After a few weeks of starting to understand one another, we all felt that we had similar qualities and personalities. Conversely weeks gone by, I started to notic e that people that I originally thought had the same personality in some certain aspects to myself, turned out to be completely different. For example, everyone in the first instance was very agreeable, which in most cases is always true, because we were all aware that this was group work and we had to work together in order for this to be completed. However after meeting often with the group, I noticed people were a lot more extroverts with their feelings, and were not afraid to let their feelings be shown, even if this was negative. In addition to this after several meetings after people who I perceived to be like-minded would be completely opposite to what I thought earlier for example; they would turn up to meetings late or not at all, whereas I am a punctual person and thought they were too from initial meetings, they were very laid-back in approach to their work, and took their time whereas in the beginning showed enthusiasm in wanting to get the work complete. In addition to this, from my personality report, it has been proven that the way in which I perceive myself to be a much organised, conscientious type of person, my traits have been perceived by others to be the same, and that others agree to an extent that I am a very conscientious person. Within the group, there were many who at first gave the impression of being very conscientious however as time went on, I found that they were quite the opposite and more impulsive. Working in a group with such diverse and in most cases opposite personalities to my own was at first daunting and quite a difficult task to ensure each person can remain motivated and get the work completed, however being able to adapt to situations proved to be a strong trait of mine, enabling me to get my message across to all people, in a positive way. Another previous experience of mine showed that I perceive myself to be a good leader in one way or another in being able to apply my thoughts across to my peers and when dealing w ith group work, I am an organised person which helps in being a good leader. From the feedback of the personality report, a friend perceived me in the same way, and thought likewise, as well as this, being in a group with students whom I had never previously met, after receiving a high result in the work, feedback came unknowingly from peers claiming they were glad I was the leader and I made an excellent leaderall credit goes to you. Which helps to show evidence that in some cases we can see ourselves and know most of what our personality is like and what others may also perceive however in many cases many people can get the wrong message about one another. The reflective report helps to support my theory of personality traits within a working environment. My experiences within working at university in group assignments and the peer profile helps to show that personality is key when understanding individuals. Personality helps to determine the outcome of an individual and what is expected of them. Recommendation- There are diverse ways in which work processes can be improved in the future, an example of this is; for managers to schedule regular one-to-one basis meetings, where employees will be able to express their concerns if they have any. On one hand, some employees prefer interaction and want to feel like they have a voice within the company. If a manager is able to effectively understand the employees needs and provide new innovative ways of implementing new systems so that can help employees to feel more motivated, they will thus achieve a better response of motivation. There are individuals who differ, which shows a clear demonstration of individual differences. Thus, some individuals will prefer to have clear guidance and a supervisor or manger to conduct regular meetings, however some may not prefer this technique. Therefore, it is the duty of the manager to get the balance right and ensure that they are able to respond to employees wants and needs. As mentioned abov e, there are various techniques of motivation interventions which can all contribute to the overall performance of an individual. By implementing these motivation factors and putting them into practice in a working environment such as; doing a group project at work, using different techniques which can be creative and not tedious can increase motivation, productivity and the overall efficiency. The downfall of having so many motivation interventions is that due to individual differences within a group, it may be difficult to know which method is the best to pursue. This can have an adverse and opposite effect leaving some members feeling rather de-motivated and generally un-interested, which creates a further problem of trying to re-motivate and create responsiveness in the group. Give advantages and disadvantages to the recommendation when being introduced in an organisation. Bibliography Fincham R, Rhodes P, (2005) Principles of Organizational Behaviour, New York: Oxford University press Inc. Furnham, A. (1992) Personality at Work: The role of individual differences in the workplace. London: Routledge Mazerolle, D, M. James, R, L. (2002) Personality in Work Organizations, London: Sage Publications Inc. Schermerhorn R. J. Jr, Hunt. G. J, Osborn. N. R (1991) Managing Organizational Behaviour, Ohio University: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Self Interest in Hamlet by Shakespeare :: essays research papers

Hamlet is a play about inherent self-interests. Shakespeare composes the play with dominant ideals instilled within the reader, primarily those pertaining to revenge and tragedy, albeit those ideals are derived from each character's different self-interest, whether applied consciously or not. Shakespeare utilizes various soliloquies and certain dialogue throughout the play as a medium through which the reader comprehends a certain character's self-interest. Through these soliloquies and other dialogue, primarily those concerning Hamlet, Gertrude, and Claudius, the major themes of revenge and tragedy are derived from unconscious wants, thus making Hamlet a play about inherent self-interest. In murdering King Hamlet, Claudius achieves his goal to become King, and later seduces Hamlet's mother, Gertrude. King Claudius's intentions are revealed in Hamlet's designed play-within-a-play where "the King rises" and Claudius demands the show be halted with "Give me some light. Away!" (III.ii). His instantaneous flee proves his inherent wants when his inner thoughts of "dire property" are exposed (III.ii). Claudius realizes Hamlet has noticed his self-interest, thus planning his murderous scheme against Hamlet, which ultimately leads to the destruction of Hamlet's and Gertrude's once happy life. Gertrude's selfish behavior is indirectly selfish, in that Gertrude's priorities are derived from the men surrounding her, most dominantly, Claudius. Gertrude's allegiance through the play is constantly on the move: shifting constantly between Hamlet and Claudius, finally resorting to Claudius. Her selfishness is derived from Claudius in that she wants to protect what is hers through him. All that she owned became his as well when they married, therefore when the queen says "buy not by him" (IV.v) defending the king against Laertes's accusations, she is truly concerned about herself and the notion of her having to leave all she has if Laertes's accusation is seen as true. Hamlet's inherent self-interest is the underlying cause of the play. One of Hamlet's first soliloquies demonstrates Hamlet's passionate anger towards Gertrude due to her marrying Claudius. His anger shows clear as he insults all women in "Frailty, thy name is woman!" (I.ii), as well as "like Niobe, all tears" (I.ii). Hamlet's anger and frustration were always a part of his emotional status, allowing him to already have adverse feelings for Claudius, however, it was the ghost's commands that allowed Hamlet to propel these interests into the action he is to commit. Hamlet's previously felt emotion is the tinder the ghost uses in order to make Hamlet take action against the situation neither of them are willing to take action against.

Tariffs always cause a net welfare loss :: Economics

Tariffs always cause a net welfare loss Explain and critically evaluate this statement. In this essay, I will be discussing the impact of protectionism, in focus, the impact of tariffs, import duties. As well discussing the overall effect on welfare from the tariff, the gainers and the losers will need to be identified. I will illustrate this diagrammatically. I will then move to discuss the value of the optimal tariff imposition. As well as discussing the first best argument, I will also look at the value of second best arguments, examining whether or not tariffs do always cause a net welfare loss. A tariff requires the importer to pay a given fraction of the world price to the government. This protects domestic producers by raising the world price well above the domestic price; this of course has a downside for the consumers. A tariff works like a tax from the consumer's perspective: there are transfers from the consumers to both the government in the form of revenue and to the producers in the form of higher profits. This can be illustrated effectively by looking at Figure A, it shows the demand and supply curves for the home economy, Pa is the point where there is no trade, where supply meets demand. Pw is the world price for the commodity, the point of free trade and Pw + t is the price plus the tariff. We can see that during free trade, at Pw the home economy should import (Qf - Cf) but when a tariff is implemented this means they will import (Qt - Ct). As we can see from Figure A, the government will gain the revenue from the tariff, area B. The price rise in imports means that there is a reduced demand for them and increased demand for domestic producers. This results in a gain for the producer, area E. The loss for the consumer, area C, this is where consumption is cut when Cf moves to Ct. Area A, is also a loss area, as when production increases from Qf to Qt production is inefficient, over the world price so this area is the extra cost that the economy pay for producing the good at home. We can summarize these gains and losses we can see that there is indeed a net loss for welfare: B - (E+A+B+C) + E = - (A-C). So are there any valid 'justifications' for the imposition of tariffs. The strongest argument (some would say the only) in favour of a tariff comes with the recognition that a domestic economy imports such a significant supply of the world market for a commodity that an

Foxconn Case Study

Vietnam Value system chosen: â€Å"Achievement Disease In Education† 1. In any country, education plays a very important role to promote the development of all economics and society. However, with methods of education for so long which do not fit the requirements of the new era, Vietnam education is producing passive â€Å"people† who is good at theory but bad at practice. Students and even teachers nowadays are always under a great deal of pressure from the so-called â€Å"Achievement ease†.Vietnamese obsession of having any type of â€Å"achievement† creates a negative effect in education. While students are having pressure of getting good grades In order to fulfill their parents' will, teachers also have to make sure all of their students receive good marks to meet the school's decided achievement. This might sound obvious, however there are students who are good at math but not good In science, who loves study and who don't. As a result, academic disho nesty Like cheating exam Is likely to be occur frequently these days.My attempt In this paper s to contribute my voice to acknowledge and make people understand more about this fact in education in Vietnam as well as giving suggestion to eliminate this situation. 2. The definition of â€Å"Achievement Disease†: â€Å"Achievement† simply is an accomplishment in whatever goals you've set for yourself, not necessarily earning a lot of money. Achievement is doing what you want to do within the bounds of the law. It Is the pursuit of dreams. It is liberty from the chains of fear and unbelief.It Is recognition of what makes you unique and what you have to offer others. It Is the realization, the substance, and the tangibly of a dream fulfilled. Thus, we can understand that â€Å"Achievement Disease in education† is a type of disease which people try seeking to pursues achievements at any cost even with doing dishonesty or unethical behavior. Regarding the above explan ation, taking efforts to pursue achievements of an individual or a group is a good moral character. It should be commend and encourage to every people.Just imagine a country in which every member takes efforts to achieve higher performance on the fields of activities: sports, arts, education, manufacturing, trade, technology and so on for his/her on sake and for the whole community. The country Is certainly wealthy and prosperous In Its economy as well as society. However, when these efforts to achieve a good and necessary qualities of each which causes the system to be corrupted. To simplify the definition of this term, let's just think of the basic differences between â€Å"original achievements† with â€Å"Achievement Disease† is the different between genuine goods and counterfeiting goods.And the key factor that makes the difference is the existed or non-existed of onsets. 3. According to Murray (1938), he considered that need for achievements as one of the basic h uman needs. 4. Degree Appreciation is a serious issue in Vietnam Society nowadays. In fact, the psychology of degree appreciation is essential and remains harmless if it goes with a proper certification mechanism, which reflects one's capability through the degree. Japan is considered to be the most succeeded country in pursuing degree appreciation. Here, the employee assessment relies heavily on their degree which trigger a strong competition in the society.People are urging to receive alluvial degrees to ensure their premise for success. However, this is a totally different story in Vietnam. In a lot of cases, the degrees are not associated with actual capacity of the owners. In Vietnam, most people think that the best way to pursue successful in life is to obtain good university degree. This seems to be a huge burden creates by parents and the society, which forces the children to try their best to fulfill their parents. Unfortunately, many young people who do not pass this press ure fell into fear and depression feeling, even leads to suicide.It is a painful truth seeing many students duty 12 hours a day, 7 days a week for the periodical achievements which are mostly useless in the future. Currently, every Vietnamese family and person has a desire that they themselves or family members could achieve a university degree. This is actually one type of â€Å"achievement disease† which leads to the fact of redundant in teachers but shortage in workers and the more dangerous disease of â€Å"actual degree but simulated man†. In a society where people only appreciate educational degree but underestimate the real ability of individuals may leads to severe consequences on the society:In Vietnam, we could easily find information regarding the evils of degree buying, point selling, academic degree selling, etc†¦. Due to the fact that high positions always go along with better degree, in many cases a person is promoted in a higher position but he doe sn't meet the position degree criteria. As a result, he must buy a good degree to fulfill the promotion requirements or to keep the existing position. Therefore in Vietnamese language we have a phrase called: â€Å"Paper P. H. D or Paper Master† that implies people who use their money to buy fake certificates or degrees.Not until recently does the story about the fake degrees and certificates appears, it has been existed for many years since the beginning of â€Å"Doi Mom† policy. People always desire to have a position in the society. However at â€Å"old age, exhausted intelligence†, most people do not have enough time to study properly to obtain Due to the degree appreciation that has been rooted in most family, from kindergarten period till high school, parents always try to have their children study in granted schools and selected classes or extra study so that their children could be bled to pass universities entrance examinations.As a result, some of so-c alled â€Å"granted school† is always overloaded and ran out of vacancy. However, in order to send their children to those schools and arrange at the best class, parents are often willing to â€Å"bribe† teachers. However, we cannot blame the parents because they are just the victims of the degree requirements society. The situation is that those who have more degrees or higher qualifiers will be preferable than those have less. They do not test the real capability of the individuals but rather seeing if the individual acts all the degree criteria or not.One other impact of â€Å"Achievement Disease† is that young people nowadays tends to choose the major which help them obtain money and promotion after graduation or easy to study. At the same time, they turn their back on the society and humanity major, agriculture†¦ It is said that the reason why young people turn their back on the social sciences and humanities is the bad impression from the high school education. There is an implicit distinction between main and minor subjects. Math, physics, chemistry, foreign languages are always carefully taught by the teachers.Meanwhile, other subjects such as literature, history, geography seems to be taught briefly since teachers do not really care about what student acquired during the course. On the other hand, many students consider not taking priority learning social subjects since they find it harder to find Job and receive low payment. A lot of students say that the graduate from social sciences could only find Job in government companies where they have to work within the framework like a robot rather than creation.Other reason is that the massive expansion of banking and business companies rates a lot of Job opportunities with high salaries attracts many students and so that most of them choose economic majors. As a chain effect, students always choose economics to study as a secure decision and ignore their true passion and hobby. A lso, since in Vietnam society students of economics are likely to be more appreciated and respected rather than study social science or humanity. The â€Å"Achievement Disease† also appears to be happened at school.For example, in most schools, the most concerns are how to help the student study well and the ratio of graduated students. At the beginning of each year, most schools have to assign a goal setting towards the ratio of graduate student. If at the end school doesn't make its own criteria, it will hurt its reputation which might result in fewer investments from higher levels. As the solution, in a lot of schools, teachers are assigned to change the students score in order to meet the school's standard. This creates a significantly negative effect to the education sector and causes it to be more and more corrupted. , Remedies to this situation: should be a coordination and agreement between every management levels to repose a suitable solution. Examination and quality evaluation must be implemented seriously. The education sector needs to have a long term strategy for the radical solution, synchronize but not hasty and impatient. We have to stay consistency to our goal but the methods have to be very flexible and capable of changes when needed. Currently, we need to strengthen the inspection of examination, giving strictly sanctions to the individual or group of people who deliberately try to violate the rules.On the mean time government should focusing ore on providing extra education to teachers so that they can cope up with model teaching methods, increasing investment in infrastructures and facilities to schools. Once the quality of education is fundamentally improved, â€Å"Achievement Disease† will eventually be eliminated. At the same time, we have to promote, encourages motivate teachers and education managers striving to overcome the outdated, inertia of the old education systems. This will be a long process of striven for educat ion sector in particular and society as a whole.In addition, we should prevent the phenomenon of achieving† unrealistic goals, ratio which causes students as well as schools to dishonestly produce a fake result in study. Meanwhile, all upper levels agencies should not put â€Å"Achievement† pressure on an area which has low-graduate rates but rather confront other real result, analyses to find out the main causes as well as delivering proper solutions to the situation. At the same time. Reforming the student assessment methods, since the current system measures success on the basis of completion of a particular grade but fails to measure students' capacity.More appropriate assessment methods could identify a child's problems in a timely manner allowing for pragmatic adjustment. As we have already discussed, obsession of obtaining degrees and qualifications is also a main cause of â€Å"Academic Achievement Disease†. Therefore, companies should not only based on o ne's qualifications but also evaluate carefully one's real capability through giving tasks and observe the final results. In order to accomplish this, in all industry, individual capability assessment needs to be changed so that there will be no more â€Å"Paper P. HP' or â€Å"Paper Master† and so on.